Abstract 13418: Inter-relation of Parity and Coronary Artery Calcium With Cardiovascular Disease Events: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Vu ◽  
Khoa Nguyen ◽  
Jonathan Evans ◽  
WENJUN FAN ◽  
Morgana Mongraw-chaffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Live Births ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis and predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Greater parity, or number of live births, has been shown to relate to CVD. We examined whether the relation of parity to CVD events may depend on the presence and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis measured by CAC. Methods: We studied 3151 women free of CVD at baseline in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a prospective study of CVD. Participants were stratified by parity categories of 0-1 (reference), 2-3, and ≥4 and by baseline CAC categories of 0, 1-99, and 100+. We compared the incidence of CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and coronary heart disease deaths) per 1000 years based on parity across levels of CAC over 13 years. Cox regression determined the joint association of parity and CAC on the incidence of CVD. Results: Women with greater parity had a higher prevalence of any CAC and CAC≥100 (p<0.01); among those with CAC, parity related to greater mean CAC scores (175, 184, and 284, respectively) (p<0.01). Women with greater parity also had greater incident CVD (7.1%, 8.7%, and 11.3% for 0-1, 2-3, and ≥4 live births, respectively, p-trend =0.01) and extent of CAC directly related to the incidence of CVD within parity groups. However, the association of parity with CAC was attenuated after adjustment for age, race, income, smoking and other risk factors. Parity also directly related to the incidence of CVD within CAC categories ( Figure ); however, from Cox regression analyses, these relations were attenuated when adjusted for age, ethnicity and other risk factors. Conclusion: In unadjusted analyses, we show parity to be associated with the prevalence of any or significant CAC, extent of CAC among those with CAC>0, as well as the incidence of CVD events, overall and according to the presence and extent of CAC. However, the association of parity with CVD risk was attenuated after adjustment for other factors.

Abstract P104: Higher Leptin Levels Are Associated With Increased Odds Of Coronary Artery Calcium Progression: The Multi-ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavya Varma ◽  
Oluseye Ogunmoroti ◽  
Chiadi Ndumele ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Moyses Szklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Cardiac Ct ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Agatston Score ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
History Of

Background: Adipokines are secreted by adipose tissue, play a role in cardiometabolic pathways, and have differing associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Coronary artery calcium (CAC) and its progression indicate subclinical atherosclerosis and prognosticate CVD risk. However the association of adipokines with CAC progression is not well established. We examined the association of adipokines with the odds of a history of CAC progression in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods: We performed an analysis of 1,904 community dwelling adults free of clinical CVD in MESA. Participants underwent measurement of serum adipokines [leptin, resistin and adiponectin] at visits 2 or 3 (randomly assigned) and a contemporaneous cardiac CT scan at same visit. Participants also had a prior cardiac CT at visit 1, at a median of 2.4 years earlier. On both CTs, CAC was quantified by Agatston score. We defined a history of CAC progression between the CT scans at visit 1 and at visit 2 or 3 as those with >0 Agatston units of change per year (and compared to those with ≤0 units of change per year). We used logistic regression to examine the odds of having a history of CAC progression by adipokine tertiles using progressively adjusted models. Results: The mean participant age was 65 (10) years; 50% were women, 40% White, 13% Chinese, 21% Black and 26% Hispanic. The prevalences of CAC at visits 1 and 2/3 were 49% and 58%, respectively. There were 1,001 (53%) who had CAC progression between the 2 CT scans. In demographic-adjusted models (model 1, Table), higher leptin and lower adiponectin were associated with increased odds of prior CAC progression. In models fully adjusted for BMI and other CVD risk factors (model 3), only the highest tertile of leptin remained associated with a greater odds of prior CAC progression [OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.04, 2.30)]. Conclusions: Higher leptin levels were independently associated with a history of CAC progression. Atherosclerosis progression may be one mechanism through which leptin confers increased CVD risk

scholarly journals Associations of recreational and non-recreational physical activity with coronary artery calcium density vs. volume and cardiovascular disease events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isac C Thomas ◽  
Michelle L Takemoto ◽  
Nketi I Forbang ◽  
Britta A Larsen ◽  
Erin D Michos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Recreational Physical Activity ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Subclinical Marker

Abstract Aims  The benefits of physical activity (PA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well known. However, studies suggest PA is associated with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a subclinical marker of CVD. In this study, we evaluated the associations of self-reported recreational and non-recreational PA with CAC composition and incident CVD events. Prior studies suggest high CAC density may be protective for CVD events. Methods and results  We evaluated 3393 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with prevalent CAC. After adjusting for demographics, the highest quintile of recreational PA was associated with 0.07 (95% confidence interval 0.01–0.13) units greater CAC density but was not associated with CAC volume. In contrast, the highest quintile of non-recreational PA was associated with 0.08 (0.02–0.14) units lower CAC density and a trend toward 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.27) log-units higher CAC volume. There were 520 CVD events over a 13.7-year median follow-up. Recreational PA was associated with lower CVD risk (hazard ratio 0.88, 0.79–0.98, per standard deviation), with an effect size that was not changed with adjustment for CAC composition or across levels of prevalent CAC. Conclusion  Recreational PA may be associated with a higher density but not a higher volume of CAC. Non-recreational PA may be associated with lower CAC density, suggesting these forms of PA may not have equivalent associations with this subclinical marker of CVD. While PA may affect the composition of CAC, the associations of PA with CVD risk appear to be independent of CAC.

Abstract 045: Leisure Time Physical Activity is Associated With Higher Coronary Artery Calcium Density: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isac C Thomas ◽  
Matthew Allison ◽  
Nketi Forbang ◽  
Michelle Takemoto ◽  
Erin Michos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study

Introduction: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has favorable effects on many risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Paradoxically, LTPA has also been associated with higher amounts of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in athletes. Recently, a higher density of CAC was shown to significantly mitigate the risk of CVD associated with a given volume of CAC. The effects of LTPA and non-LTPA on the density and volume components of CAC among individuals with calcified coronary atherosclerosis are unknown. Methods: We evaluated 3,398 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with prevalent CAC (50% of cohort). CAC was assessed via cardiac computed tomography, while physical activity was assessed via questionnaire and categorized by quintiles of moderate and vigorous LTPA (e.g. exercise) and non-LTPA (e.g. work). Multiple linear regression with mutual adjustment for LTPA, non-LTPA, demographics, and CVD risk factors was performed. Results: Mean age of the sample was 66 years, 58% were male, 44% were Caucasian, 24% were African-American, 20% were Hispanic, and 12% were Chinese-American. Compared to the lower four quintiles, LTPA above the threshold of 2567 MET-minutes/week (quintile 5) was associated with 0.057 (0.008, 0.105) higher CAC density-units after full adjustment. LTPA at any level was not associated with CAC volume. Conversely, non-LTPA was associated with both lower CAC density and higher CAC volume in a stepwise fashion, with the highest quintile meeting statistical significance for both (see Table). Conclusions: The highest quintile of LTPA was associated with higher CAC density but not higher CAC volume, suggesting a possible explanation for high CAC scores in athletes with favorable CVD risk factor profiles. Non-LTPA was associated with a less favorable CAC composition after adjustment for LTPA, an unexpected finding that merits further investigation.

Abstract 043: Health Insurance and the Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T Crim ◽  
Joe X Xie ◽  
Yi-An Ko ◽  
Roger S Blumenthal ◽  
Michael J Blaha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ethnic Study

Background: Health insurance plays an important role in access to medical care and is the focus of extensive policy efforts. We examined the association of health insurance with cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. Methods and Results: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the NIH, followed a US cohort, aged 45-84 without clinical CVD at baseline, for a median of 12.2 years; 788 events occurred among 6,674 individuals. Data were stratified by baseline health insurance status. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between health insurance and incident CVD (myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, stroke, CVD death, and angina), adjusting for biomedical CVD risk (traditional risk factors, including age and race/ethnicity, and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis) and socioeconomic status (SES). The majority of individuals had private insurance (51%). Uninsured individuals (9%) were more likely to have untreated hypertension and diabetes, less likely to be on lipid-lowering therapy, and more likely to receive care in an Emergency Department (p < 0.0001). Income, 10-year CVD risk, and 10-year event-free survival varied across insurance groups ( Table ). After adjustment for biomedical CVD risk, individuals with health insurance had a lower risk of incident CVD compared to the uninsured (HR 0.72, p=0.03). However, with additional adjustment for SES (income, education, and employment), insurance was no longer associated with incident CVD (HR 0.78, p=0.12). Among the insurance groups, those with private insurance had a lower risk of incident CVD after adjustment for both biomedical CVD risk and SES (HR 0.70, p=0.03). Medicare and Medicaid coverage were not associated with incident CVD. The military/VA group had a lower risk of incident CVD with adjustment for biomedical CVD risk (HR 0.57, p=0.02) that was no longer significant after adjustment for SES (HR 0.66, p=0.09). Conclusions: The association of health insurance with CVD incidence varied by insurance group, and private insurance was associated with a lower risk of incident CVD. Further exploration of the features of health insurance coverage that impact CVD incidence may facilitate improvements in the primary prevention of CVD.

scholarly journals Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with coronary artery calcium volume versus density

Heart ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isac C Thomas ◽  
Brandon Shiau ◽  
Julie O Denenberg ◽  
Robyn L McClelland ◽  
Philip Greenland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Density Score ◽  
Volume Score

ObjectivesRecently, the density score of coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events at any level of CAC volume. Whether risk factors for CAC volume and CAC density are similar or distinct is unknown. We sought to evaluate the associations of CVD risk factors with CAC volume and CAC density scores.MethodsBaseline measurements from 6814 participants free of clinical CVD were collected for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Participants with detectable CAC (n=3398) were evaluated for this study. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate independent associations of CVD risk factors with CAC volume and CAC density scores.ResultsWhereas most CVD risk factors were associated with higher CAC volume scores, many risk factors were associated with lower CAC density scores. For example, diabetes was associated with a higher natural logarithm (ln) transformed CAC volume score (standardised β=0.44 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.58) ln-units) but a lower CAC density score (β=−0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) density units). Chinese, African-American and Hispanic race/ethnicity were each associated with lower ln CAC volume scores (β=−0.62 (−0.83to −0.41), −0.52 (−0.64 to −0.39) and −0.40 (−0.55 to −0.26) ln-units, respectively) and higher CAC density scores (β= 0.41 (0.34 to 0.47), 0.18 (0.12 to 0.23) and 0.21 (0.15 to 0.26) density units, respectively) relative to non-Hispanic White.ConclusionsIn a cohort free of clinical CVD, CVD risk factors are differentially associated with CAC volume and density scores, with many CVD risk factors inversely associated with the CAC density score after controlling for the CAC volume score. These findings suggest complex associations between CVD risk factors and these components of CAC.

scholarly journals Association of Mildly Reduced Kidney Function With Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feven Ataklte ◽  
Rebecca J. Song ◽  
Ashish Upadhyay ◽  
Ibrahim Musa Yola ◽  
Ramachandran S. Vasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
Left Ventricular

Background Data are limited on the association of mildly reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR 60–89 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the community. Methods and Results We evaluated 3066 Framingham Offspring Study participants (55% women, mean age 58 years), without clinical CVD. Using multivariable regression, we related categories of mildly reduced eGFR (80–89, 70–79, or 60–69 versus ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 [referent]) to prevalent coronary artery calcium, carotid intima media thickness, and left ventricular hypertrophy, and to circulating concentrations of cardiac stress biomarkers. We related eGFR categories to CVD incidence and to progression to ≥Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 ) using Cox regression. Individuals with eGFR 60–69 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 (n=320) had higher coronary artery calcium score (odds ratio 1.69; 95% CI 1.02–2.80) compared with the referent group. Individuals with eGFR 60–69 and 70–79 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 had higher blood growth differentiating factor‐15 concentrations (β=0.131 and 0.058 per unit‐increase in log‐biomarker, respectively). Participants with eGFR 60–69 and 80–89 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 had higher blood B‐type natriuretic peptide concentrations (β=0.119 and 0.116, respectively). On follow‐up (median 16 years; 691 incident CVD and 252 chronic kidney disease events), individuals with eGFR 60–69 and 70–79 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 experienced higher CVD incidence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02–1.93 and 1.45, 95% CI, 1.05–2.00, respectively, versus referent). Participants with eGFR 60–69 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 experienced higher chronic kidney disease incidence (HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.80–4.78 versus referent). Conclusions Individuals with mildly reduced eGFR 60–69 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 have a higher burden of subclinical atherosclerosis cross‐sectionally, and a greater risk of CVD and chronic kidney disease progression prospectively. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

scholarly journals A comprehensive, contemporary assessment of the association between hepatosteatosis and coronary artery calcium scoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Heseltine ◽  
SW Murray ◽  
RL Jones ◽  
M Fisher ◽  
B Ruzsics
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. onbehalf Liverpool Multiparametric Imaging Collaboration Background Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is a well-established technique for stratifying an individual’s cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Several well-established registries have incorporated CAC scoring into CVD risk prediction models to enhance accuracy. Hepatosteatosis (HS) has been shown to be an independent predictor of CVD events and can be measured on non-contrast computed tomography (CT). We sought to undertake a contemporary, comprehensive assessment of the influence of HS on CAC score alongside traditional CVD risk factors. In patients with HS it may be beneficial to offer routine CAC screening to evaluate CVD risk to enhance opportunities for earlier primary prevention strategies. Methods We performed a retrospective, observational analysis at a high-volume cardiac CT centre analysing consecutive CT coronary angiography (CTCA) studies. All patients referred for investigation of chest pain over a 28-month period (June 2014 to November 2016) were included. Patients with established CVD were excluded. The cardiac findings were reported by a cardiologist and retrospectively analysed by two independent radiologists for the presence of HS. Those with CAC of zero and those with CAC greater than zero were compared for demographic and cardiac risks. A multivariate analysis comparing the risk factors was performed to adjust for the presence of established risk factors. A binomial logistic regression model was developed to assess the association between the presence of HS and increasing strata of CAC. Results In total there were 1499 patients referred for CTCA without prior evidence of CVD. The assessment of HS was completed in 1195 (79.7%) and CAC score was performed in 1103 (92.3%). There were 466 with CVD and 637 without CVD. The prevalence of HS was significantly higher in those with CVD versus those without CVD on CTCA (51.3% versus 39.9%, p = 0.007). Male sex (50.7% versus 36.1% p= &lt;0.001), age (59.4 ± 13.7 versus 48.1 ± 13.6, p= &lt;0.001) and diabetes (12.4% versus 6.9%, p = 0.04) were also significantly higher in the CAC group compared to the CAC score of zero. HS was associated with increasing strata of CAC score compared with CAC of zero (CAC score 1-100 OR1.47, p = 0.01, CAC score 101-400 OR:1.68, p = 0.02, CAC score &gt;400 OR 1.42, p = 0.14). This association became non-significant in the highest strata of CAC score. Conclusion We found a significant association between the increasing age, male sex, diabetes and HS with the presence of CAC. HS was also associated with a more severe phenotype of CVD based on the multinomial logistic regression model. Although the association reduced for the highest strata of CAC (CAC score &gt;400) this likely reflects the overall low numbers of patients within this group and is likely a type II error. Based on these findings it may be appropriate to offer routine CVD risk stratification techniques in all those diagnosed with HS.

Abstract 14592: Pregnancy Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Early Adulthood: Preliminary Findings From Add Health

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamnia I Cortes ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Diane C Berry ◽  
Jon Hussey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Add Health ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Live Births

Introduction: Pregnancy loss, including miscarriage and stillbirth, affect 15-20% of pregnancies in the United States annually. Accumulating evidence suggests that pregnancy loss is associated with greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden later in life. However, associations between pregnancy loss and CVD risk factors in early adulthood (age<35 years) have not been assessed. Objective: To examine associations between pregnancy loss and CVD risk factors in early adulthood. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis using the public-use data set for Wave IV (2007-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Our sample consisted of women, ages 24-32 years, with a previous pregnancy who completed biological data collection (n=2,968). Pregnancy loss was assessed as any history of miscarriage or stillbirth; and as none, one, or recurrent (≥2) pregnancy loss. Dependent variables included physical measures and blood specimens: body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, diabetes status, and dyslipidemia. Associations between pregnancy loss and each CVD risk factor were tested using linear (for BMI) and logistic regression adjusting for sociodemographic factors, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and depression. Results: Six hundred and ninety-three women (23%) reported a pregnancy loss, of which 21% reported recurrent pregnancy loss. Women with all live births were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic White (73%) and report a higher annual income. After adjusting for sociodemographics (age, race/ethnicity, education, income), pregnancy loss was associated with a greater BMI (ß=0.90; SE,0.39). In fully-adjusted models, women with recurrent pregnancy loss were more likely to have hypertension (AOR, 2.50; 95%CI, 1.04-5.96) and prediabetes (AOR, 1.93; 95%CI. 1.11-3.37) than women with all live births; the association was non-significant for women with one pregnancy loss. Conclusions: Pregnancy loss is associated with a more adverse CVD risk factor profile in early adulthood. Findings suggest the need for CVD risk assessment in young women with a prior pregnancy loss. Further research is necessary to identify underlying risk factors of pregnancy loss that may predispose women to CVD.

The Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Is Partially Predicted by the Inflammatory Load: A Prospective Study over 5 Years in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Matched Controls

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Södergren ◽  
Kjell Karp ◽  
Christine Bengtsson ◽  
Bozena Möller ◽  
Solbritt Rantapää-Dahlqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Reynolds Risk Score

Objective.This prospective followup study investigated subclinical atherosclerosis in relation to traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recruited at diagnosis compared with controls.Methods.Patients diagnosed with early RA were consecutively recruited into a prospective study. From these, a subgroup aged ≤ 60 years (n = 71) was consecutively included for ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at inclusion (T0) and after 5 years (T5). Age- and sex-matched controls (n = 40) were also included.Results.In the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, both IMT and FMD were significantly aggravated at T5 compared to baseline in patients with RA, whereas only IMT was significantly increased in controls. In univariate linear regression analyses among patients with RA, the IMT at T5 was significantly associated with age, systolic blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, triglycerides, Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and Reynolds Risk Score at baseline (p < 0.05). Similarly, FMD at T5 was significantly inversely associated with age, smoking, systolic BP, SCORE, and Reynolds Risk Score (p < 0.05). A model with standardized predictive value from multiple linear regression models including age, smoking, BP, and blood lipids at baseline significantly predicted the observed value of IMT after 5 years. When also including the area under the curve for the 28-joint Disease Activity Score over 5 years, the observed value of IMT was predicted to a large extent.Conclusion.This prospective study identified an increased subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with RA. In the patients with RA, several traditional CVD risk factors at baseline significantly predicted the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis 5 years later. The inflammatory load over time augmented this prediction.

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