Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Price
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Land Mines ◽  
Socratic Method ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Issue Networks ◽  
Transnational Civil Society

The rise in the importance of nonstate actors in generating new norms in world politics has been documented by scholars, but the literature has focused predominantly on nonsecurity (“new”) issue areas. Conversely, although recent constructivist work in international relations has examined the security policies of states, typically it is the state that is doing the constructing of interests. I bridge these two literatures by examining the hard case of transnational civil society working through issue networks to teach state interests in security policy. I analyze the campaign by transnational civil society to generate an international norm prohibiting antipersonnel land mines and trace the effects of several techniques through which states can be said to be socialized. Through generating issues, networking, “grafting,” and using a transnational Socratic method to reverse burdens of proof, the campaign has stimulated systemic normative change through two processes: norm adoption through the conversion of persuaded moral entrepreneurs and emulation resulting from social pressures of identity.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Cusumano
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Traditional Sense ◽  
Twenty First Century

The Conclusion examines the nature and scope of diplomatic security policies worldwide, the factors underlying their variations, their effectiveness in securing diplomats, and their implications for the conduct of diplomacy. It provides novel insights into the study of security and diplomacy alike. Most notably, it underscores the importance of organizational interests and cultures in shaping protective arrangements, conceptualizes diplomatic inviolability as an international norm, and posits the existence of a trade-off between effective diplomacy and effective diplomatic security. Arguing that diplomacy in a traditional sense has partly lost its importance has become commonplace. States’ reluctance to close missions in dangerous locations, arguably the most effective security policy available, vindicates the enduring importance of traditional, face-to-face diplomacy in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Paradiplomacy, Security Policies and City Networks: the Case of the Mercocities Citizen Security Thematic Unit

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Marcos Antonio Rodrigues ◽  
Thiago Mattioli
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
City Network ◽  
Citizen Security ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Main City

Abstract In a phenomenon known as paradiplomacy, cities are playing an increasingly important role in international relations. Through paradiplomacy, cities are co-operating internationally with other cities, and city networks have become important spaces for sharing experiences of and best practices in local public policy. Moreover, security policy is a increasingly important part of local policy-making. In Latin America, the concept of citizen security, based on a democratic and human rights approach, has developed in response to the legacy of authoritarian regimes from the 1960s to the 1980s. This article examines how security policies have been disseminated, discussed and transferred through Mercocities, the main city network in South America.

scholarly journals Climate Security and Policy Options in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiichiro Hasui ◽  
Hiroshi Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Military Organizations

Climate security has been discussed in both academia and policy documents in the West. A key point that surfaces from these discussions is that the cooperation of non-military organizations is essential for effective responses to climate change-related threats. This overlaps considerably with debates on security in Japan, where the use of force is constitutionally restricted. Therefore, it is possible to localize the concept of climate security to the genealogy of Japan’s security policy that, in the 1980s and 1990s, sought a non-traditional security strategy that did not rely solely on military power in the name of “comprehensive security,” “environmental security,” and “human security.” In Japan, the perspective of climate security is rare. However, the introduction of a unique climate security concept into security policy enables the maintenance of national security and environmental conservation. Additionally, struggling with climate change alongside neighboring countries contributes to mutual confidence building and stability in international relations in Northeast Asia. To achieve this objective, we first show that climate security includes many kinds of security concerns by surveying previous studies and comparing Western countries’ climate security policies. Second, we follow the evolution of Japan’s security policy from 1980 to 2021. Finally, we review Japanese climate security policies and propose policy options.

Transnational democratization and republican citizenship: Towards critical republicanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN SLAUGHTER
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Transnational Activism ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transnational Civil Society ◽  
At Home

AbstractTransnational civil society activism has become increasingly prominent in world politics. However, there are significant questions about how these emerging processes of transnational activism can and should interface with existing forms of global and national governance. This essay contends that republicanism can explain how transnational activism can productively relate to global and national governance. Republicanism is able to develop an approach which draws upon both constitutional and discursive aspects of democracy by developing a greater focus on the roles that citizens can play with respect to both formal state institutions and the deliberative practices with respect to transnational activism. This essay develops a position termed critical republicanism which demonstrates that these transnational forms of activism can be best understood as early stages of an incipient process of transnational democratization and that the virtues of citizens need to be rethought so that citizens are concerned about the changing nature of domination at home and abroad, and be willing to engage with transnational sources of information and activism.

scholarly journals Small State Foreign Policy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverrir Steinsson ◽  
Baldur Thorhallsson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
State Security ◽  
Foreign Policies

Size matters in international relations. Owing to their unique vulnerabilities, small states have different needs, adopt different foreign policies, and have a harder time achieving favorable foreign policy outcomes than large states. Small states show a preference for multilateral organizations because they reduce the power asymmetry between states, decrease the transaction costs of diplomacy, and impose constraints on large states. Small state security policies vary widely depending on domestic and international conditions. Despite the inherent disadvantages to being small, small states can compensate for the limitations of their size and exert influence on world politics, provided that they use the appropriate strategies.

scholarly journals Small State Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baldur Thorhallsson ◽  
Sverrir Steinsson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
State Security ◽  
Foreign Policies

Size matters in international relations. Owing to their unique vulnerabilities, small states have different needs, adopt different foreign policies, and have a harder time achieving favorable foreign policy outcomes than large states. Small states show a preference for multilateral organizations because they reduce the power asymmetry between states, decrease the transaction costs of diplomacy, and impose constraints on large states. Small state security policies vary widely depending on domestic and international conditions. Despite the inherent disadvantages to being small, small states can compensate for the limitations of their size and exert influence on world politics, provided that they use the appropriate strategies.

The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Marie Clark ◽  
Elisabeth J. Friedman ◽  
Kathryn Hochstetler
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Global Civil Society ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Transnational Relations ◽  
Political Processes

The increased visibility of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements at the international level invites continuing evaluation of the extent and significance of the role they now play in world politics. While the presence of such new actors is easily demonstrated, international relations scholars have debated their significance. The authors argue that the concept of global civil society sets a more demanding standard for the evaluation of transnational political processes than has been applied in prior accounts of transnational activity. Further, most empirical studies of this activity have focused on a limited number of NGOs within a single issue-area. Using three recent UN world conferences as examples of mutual encounters between state-dominated international politics and global civic politics, the authors develop the concept of global civil society to provide a theoretical foundation for a systematic empirical assessment of transnational relations concerning the environment, human rights, and women at the global level.

Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Price
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Central Place ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
International Theory ◽  
Transnational Civil Society

This article takes stock of a plethora of recent works examining the flowering of transnational civil society activism in world politics. The author argues that this work contributes to a progressive research agenda that responds to a succession of criticisms from alternative perspectives. As the research program has advanced, new areas of inquiry have been opened up, including the need for a central place for normative international theory. The author also contends that the focus of this research on the transnationalization of civil society provides a trenchant response to an important puzzle concerning the leverage of civil society vis-à-vis the contemporary state in an era of globalization. Further, the liberal variant of transnational advocacy research constitutes a powerful theoretical counter not only to other nonliberal theories that privilege other agents or structures but also to other varieties of contemporary liberal international theory, such as those privileging preexisting domestic preference formation or state centric versions of liberal constructivism.

scholarly journals From "Normative Power" to "Global Governmentality": An Assessment of European Union's Engagement of Civil Society in Indonesia

PCD Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ahmad Rizky Mardhatillah Umar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Development ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Normative Power ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
Normative Power Europe

This article develops a theory of European power as ‘governmentality’, with a particular reference to European Union (EU)’s engagement of civil society in Indonesia through a package of “civil society strengthening programs”. In contrast to some arguments of ‘normative power’ or ‘civilian power’ in the European Union, that put emphasis on EU’s normative framework in explaining EU’s diplomatic engagements in world politics, this article argues that European Union’s global outreach is best seen as the politics of governmentality, which comprises the spread of norms to the “global south” through various developmental strategies in order to form particular subjectivities based on European Union’s “normative framework”. This argument will be applied to empirically explain the role of EU’s engagement of civil society in Indonesia. To substantiate the argument, this article will analyse (1) the debate on recent theorisation of “European power” in EU and International Relations studies, with a reference to Ian Manners’ conception of “Normative Power Europe”; (2) the snapshot of European Union’s key policies on International Development Assistance in Indonesia; and (3) the case of some projects related to “civil society strengthening programs” in Indonesia.

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