Neural Correlates of Retrieval Orientation: Effects of Study–Test Similarity

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1196-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hornberger ◽  
Alexa M. Morcom ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Orientation Effects ◽  
Retrieval Orientation ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Cue Processing

ERPs elicited by correctly classified unstudied items in tests of yes/no recognition memory were used to investigate the neural correlates of retrieval cue processing. Items in Experiment 1 consisted of pictures and their corresponding names, allowing study and test material to be factorially crossed in four separate study–test cycles. The ERPs elicited by unstudied pictures and words were, in each case, more negative-going when the study material belonged to the alternative rather than the same class of items. These findings demonstrate that previously reported ERP “retrieval orientation effects” depend on differences in similarity between study and test items, and not on the form of the sought for material. In Experiments 2a and 2b, study materials were auditory words and pictures, and the test items were visual words. In both experiments, ERPs elicited by unstudied test words were more negative-going when pictures rather than auditory words were the study material. Thus, ERP retrieval orientation effects do not depend on the employment of a copy cue condition. It is proposed that the effects reflect differences in the processing necessary to maximize over lap between cue and memory representations.

scholarly journals Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Retrieval Cue Processing are Modulated by Task Demands

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Duverne ◽  
Shahab Motamedinia ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Cue Processing

The electrophysiological correlates of retrieval orientation—the differential processing of retrieval cues according to the nature of the sought-for information—were investigated in healthy young (18–20 years old) and older (63–77 years old) adults. In one pair of study–test cycles, subjects studied either words or pictures presented in one of two visually distinct contexts, and then performed a yes/no recognition task with words as test items. In another pair of study–test cycles, subjects again made recognition judgments, but were required, in addition, to signal the study context for each item judged “old.” Young subjects' event-related potentials (ERPs) for new (unstudied) test items were more negative-going when the study material was pictures rather than words, and this effect varied little between the two retrieval tasks. Replicating a previous report [Morcom, A. M., & Rugg, M. D. Effects of age on retrieval cue processing as revealed by ERPs. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1525–1542, 2004], the effects of study material on the ERPs of the older subjects were attenuated and statistically nonsignificant in the recognition task. In the source retrieval task, however, material effects in the older group were comparable in both onset latency and magnitude with those of the young subjects. Thus, the failure of older adults to demonstrate differential cue processing in tests of recognition memory likely reflects the adoption of a specific retrieval strategy rather than the incapacity to process retrieval cues in a goal-directed manner.

scholarly journals Retrieval Orientation and the Control of Recollection: An fMRI Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2372-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa M. Morcom ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Retrieval Orientation ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Word Task ◽  
The Impact

This study used event-related fMRI to examine the impact of the adoption of different retrieval orientations on the neural correlates of recollection. In each of two study–test blocks, participants encoded a mixed list of words and pictures and then performed a recognition memory task with words as the test items. In one block, the requirement was to respond positively to test items corresponding to studied words and to reject both new items and items corresponding to the studied pictures. In the other block, positive responses were made to test items corresponding to pictures, and items corresponding to words were classified along with the new items. On the basis of previous ERP findings, we predicted that in the word task, recollection-related effects would be found for target information only. This prediction was fulfilled. In both tasks, targets elicited the characteristic pattern of recollection-related activity. By contrast, nontargets elicited this pattern in the picture task, but not in the word task. Importantly, the left angular gyrus was among the regions demonstrating this dissociation of nontarget recollection effects according to retrieval orientation. The findings for the angular gyrus parallel prior findings for the “left-parietal” ERP old/new effect and add to the evidence that the effect reflects recollection-related neural activity originating in left ventral parietal cortex. Thus, the results converge with the previous ERP findings to suggest that the processing of retrieval cues can be constrained to prevent the retrieval of goal-irrelevant information.

scholarly journals Retrieval Orientation and the Control of Recollection

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Herron ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Correlate ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Retrieval Orientation ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Study Test ◽  
High Degree

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether recognition test items are processed differently according to whether they are used to probe memory for previously studied words or pictures. In each of two study-test blocks, subjects encoded a mixed list of words and pictures, and then performed a recognition memory task with words as the test items. In one block, the requirement was to respond positively to test items corresponding to studied words, and to reject both new items and items corresponding to the studied pictures. In the other block, positive responses were made to test items corresponding to pictures, and items corresponding to words were classified along with the new items. ERPs elicited during the test phase by correctly classified new items differed according to whether words or pictures were the sought-for modality. This finding was interpreted as a neural correlate of the different retrieval orientations adopted when searching memory for words versus pictures. Relative to new items, correctly classified items studied in both target modalities elicited robust, positive-going “old/new” effects. When pictures were targets, test items corresponding to studied words also elicited large effects. By contrast, when words were targets, old/ new effects were absent for the items corresponding to studied pictures. These findings were interpreted as evidence that, in some circumstances, adoption of an appropriate retrieval orientation permits retrieval cues to be employed with a high degree of specificity.

Anti-proliferative effects of an herbal formulated cream on human keratinocytes and its implication for psoriasis treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (07) ◽  
pp. 4686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsha M. R.* ◽  
Baidyanath Mishra ◽  
Chaithra C. S. ◽  
Vivekananda Ramana
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽  
Psoriasis Treatment ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Keratinocyte Cell ◽  
Promising Source

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder which affects more than 3% of the population worldwide and is characterized histopathologically by proliferative imbalance and abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and inflammatory infiltration. Hence, loss of regulation in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation makes it a typical pathophysiological phenomenon in psoriasis manifestation. Traditionally, herbal products used in treating psoriasis have shown promising effects in several clinical studies with relatively fewer adverse effects, higher remission and lower recurrence rates. In our previous study, the polyherbal formulation of InnoVision’s test material was found to induce AQP-3 expression in keratinocyte cell line. In the present study, we screened the study material for its anti-proliferative properties using cultured human HACAT keratinocyte cell model. Our experimental results suggest that InnoVision’s Psoriderm Cream is a promising source which can be effectively used as an herb-based topical agent for psoriasis treatment. Evidence is provided that inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and improving skin hydration via induction of aquaporin-3 stimulation is the possible underlying mechanism for the observed anti-psoriatic action of study material. 

Strategies of Source Attribution: Semantic Features and Trace Strength as Cues to the Origin of Memories

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Echterhoff ◽  
Walter Hussy
Keyword(s):  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Test Interval ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Trace Strength ◽  
Study Test

Research has suggested that people may use different qualitative cues or one quantitative cue (trace strength, activation) to attribute memories to their source. In an experiment, the diagnosticity of a qualitative cue (semantic features) was manipulated between participants: Distinctness was high when items from source 1 and items from source 2 belonged to different semantic categories, while it was low when both sources contained items from both categories. Depending on the study-test interval (48 hr or 10 min), trace strength of test items was either low or high for all participants. Thus, the quantitative cue was always diagnostic. Participants primarily used semantic cues in source attributions of new items. Also, source identification performance profited from semantic dissimilarity, not from high trace strength. The findings indicate that qualitative cues may play a more prominent role than quantitative cues in source monitoring.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Inhibition and Contextual Cue Processing Related to Treatment Response in PTSD

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne JH van Rooij ◽  
Elbert Geuze ◽  
Mitzy Kennis ◽  
Arthur R Rademaker ◽  
Matthijs Vink
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Cue Processing

scholarly journals Android Application for my College

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1079-1081
Author(s):  
Ankit Palahania
Keyword(s):  
Faculty Members ◽  
Android Application ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Video Lectures ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Notice Board ◽  
Android App ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Library Websites

The welfare of the students and faculty plays a very significant role in any institution and in these changing times, students are more driven towards using a smartphone for every purpose. As we know that he world is at the fingertips of every users and now student can get access to any information from anywhere. So, an android application for student can be significantly helpful and this reduces the chance of visiting a library, websites and other places searching for the books, sample quizzes, study material, notices and any other information [5]. This project is an educational android application which is made for our college students and faculty members. In this project we have created two android applications i.e. CMRTC Admin and CMRTC android app. In CMRTC Admin app, only the authorized faculty members can access this admin app. The admin can modify the images, events, news, notices, quiz questions, study material and eBooks for students and can change the list of faculty members of different departments. Whereas the second app i.e. CMRTC app is only for students and other users and in this app they can get information about our college, Google maps location, notice board, gallery of the college, video lectures, study materials (eBooks, question papers, quizzes etc.) and students can download the study material, can share this app to their friends and for any feedback they can provide it in our college website. So, for the welfare of the college we have made this project.

scholarly journals Pengambilan Keputusan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufina Yenedi ◽  
Rusdinal ◽  
Hade Afriansyah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
New Knowledge

This article aims to describe the concept of decision making, the types of decision making and theory in decision making so that everyone can know the concept of decision making and can make good and right decisions. The methodology used in making this article is Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which first collects study material related to decision making, after the study material is collected, then the material is examined and studied, then the author tries to deduce new knowledge about the results of analysis of study materials . The results of the study indicate that decision making is very influential on the purpose of the action decided.

scholarly journals Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Familiarity as Indexed by ERPs

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy H. Wang ◽  
Marianne de Chastelaine ◽  
Brian Minton ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Memory Signals

ERPs were recorded from samples of young (18–29 years) and older (63–77 years) participants while they performed a modified “remember–know” recognition memory test. ERP correlates of familiarity-driven recognition were obtained by contrasting the waveforms elicited by unrecollected test items accorded “confident old” and “confident new” judgments. Correlates of recollection were identified by contrasting the ERPs elicited by items accorded “remember” and confident old judgments. Behavioral analyses revealed lower estimates of both recollection and familiarity in older participants than in young participants. The putative ERP correlate of recollection—the “left parietal old–new effect”—was evident in both age groups, although it was slightly but significantly smaller in the older sample. By contrast, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity—the “midfrontal old–new effect”—could be identified in young participants only. This age-related difference in the sensitivity of ERPs to familiarity was also evident in subgroups of young and older participants, in whom familiarity-based recognition performance was equivalent. Thus, the inability to detect a reliable midfrontal old–new effect in older participants was not a consequence of an age-related decline in the strength of familiarity. These findings raise the possibility that familiarity-based recognition memory depends upon qualitatively different memory signals in older and young adults.

scholarly journals Quality analysis of teacher-made tests in financial accounting subject at vocational high schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heni Mulyani ◽  
Heraeni Tanuatmodjo ◽  
Rangga Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Vocational High Schools ◽  
Essay Tests

Assessment of student learning outcomes needs to be done using tests that meet the criteria for quality tests. This study aims to determine the quality of teacher-made tests on financial accounting subjects in Vocational High Schools. This research will be directed at descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Data collected are questions made by 32 teachers, answer sheets from 689 Accounting students. Validity of objective and essay tests using product moment correlation. Reliability of the objective test using KR20 formula, while the essay test using Alpha formula. Difficulty level and distinguishing power of objective tests using Anates 4. Difficulty level and distinguishing power of essay tests used Microsoft Excel 2013. The research results obtained are as follows: (1) validity of teacher-made test items cannot accurately measure learning outcomes; (2) reliability of teacher-made tests can not show stable results despite repeated testing of the same subject; (3) teacher-made tests do not have a proportion of degree of difficulty that is suitable for use as a Mid-Semester assessment tool; (4) distinguishing power of tests made by teachers cannot distinguish students who have mastered the test material (upper or superior group) from students who have not mastered the test material (lower group or user); (5) Multiple choice test distractors made by teachers are not evenly chosen and the key options and deception options do not function effectively. Quality analysis of teacher-made tests through item analysis is intended to identify damaged test items and to show areas that are already mastered by students.

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