Spiritual Survival in the Arctic Atxam Taligisniikangis of the Aleutian Islands

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-31
Author(s):  
MaryGen Salmon
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aleutian Island ◽  
World War

Watching a gathering of Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Inupiaq, Tlingit/Haida, Siberian Yup'ik, and Sugpiaq dancers, musicians, and artists, the author wonders if “authentic” Native dance still exists in Alaska. This question is asked with the knowledge that these performances were reconstructed after the Aleutian Island peoples were severely stressed by internment during World War II.

scholarly journals Using KOCOA Military Terrain Analysis for the Assessment of Twentieth Century Battlefield Landscapes

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-781
Author(s):  
Dirk HR Spennemann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
World War ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Aerial Warfare

Military terrain analysis serves as a tool to examine a battle commander’s view of a battlefield and permits to hindcast some of the rationale for actions taken. This can be augmented by physical evidence of the remains of the battle that still exist in the cultural landscape. In the case of World War II-era battlefields, such terrain analysis has to take into account the influence of aerial warfare—the interrelationship between attacking aircraft and the siting of anti-aircraft guns. This paper examines these issues using the case example of the Japanese WWII-era base on Kiska in the Aleutian Islands (Alaska).

Fluorine-Containing Elastomers

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1521-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Montermoso
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Fuel Leakage

Abstract Fluoroprene, the first fluorine-containing elastomer, was developed by E. I. du Pont de Nemours … Company and reported by Mochel and others in 1948. However, intensive research to develop specialty rubbers from fluorocarbons was not started until the early 1950's. At the time, there was an urgent military need for fuel and chemical resistant rubbers for service under extremely low temperatures. Consequently, most of the fluorine-containing elastomers were the result of research conducted or sponsored by the Department of Defense. Army experiences in the Aleutians during World War II and in several task force operations in the Arctic regions showed, among others, that fuel hoses became brittle and cracked. Gaskets failed to function. On shipboard, the Navy was experiencing similar difficulties with rubber items. The Air Force, on the other hand, was being plagued with an epidemic of fuel leakage on many of its aircraft. The extraction of the plasticizers from the nitrile rubber compounds and the low temperature of the environment caused shrinkage of the seals and gaskets resulting in leakage of fuels. Obviously, a solution to these problems was to develop new fuel resistant rubbers which would be inherently flexible at extremely low temperatures.

scholarly journals Using 3D Spatial Visualisation to Interpret the Coverage of Anti-Aircraft Batteries on a World War II Battlefield

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2457-2479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spennemann ◽  
Poynter
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Building Information Modeling ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Aleutian Islands ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
World War ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Aerial Warfare ◽  
Heritage Building

Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) focuses on the documentation and visualization of heritage properties which are confined in their permanent terrestrial space. This paper extended the concept of Heritage Building Information Modeling to the airspace above the sites. It presented a methodology for the 3D spatial visualisation of the aerial space controlled by anti-aircraft (AA) guns, taking into account the masking effects of the underlying terrain and the technological capabilities of the guns (rate of fire, projectile weight, etc.). The tool permits a nuanced analysis of the interplay between attacking aircraft and the siting of anti-aircraft guns and thus, allows for the analysis of the cultural landscape of World War II-era battle fields, which has to take into account the influence of aerial warfare. The applicability was illustrated by the case example of the Japanese WWII base on Kiska (Aleutian Islands).

Trichinella and polar bears: a limited risk for humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dupouy-Camet ◽  
P. Bourée ◽  
H. Yera
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
World War ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Human Trichinellosis

AbstractIn this review, we identified 63 cases reported since World War II of human trichinellosis linked to the consumption of parasitized polar bear (Ursus maritimus) meat. This low number contrasts to the numerous cases of human trichinellosis related to consumption of the meat of black (U. americanus) or brown bears (U. arctos). The prevalence of Trichinella infection is high in bears, but larval muscular burden is usually lower in polar bears compared to other bear species. Polar bears, therefore, seem to play a limited role in the transmission of trichinellosis to humans, as native residents living in the Arctic traditionally consume well-cooked bear meat, and travellers and foreign hunters have only limited access to this protected species due to the declining polar bear population.

B. Frank Heintzleman (1888-1965)

ARCTIC ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
John C. Reed
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
The State ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Public Agency ◽  
State College ◽  
Aircraft Material ◽  
Pennsylvania State College

B. Frank Heintzleman, a Fellow of the Arctic Institute since 1955, died in Juneau, Alaska on 24 June, 1965. Mr. Heintzleman was an outstanding Alaskan and a leader in the development of the Territory for many years. After Alaska became a State, Mr. Heintzleman devoted most of his time to the encouragement and nurturing of its development possibilities. Frank Heintzleman was born in Fayetteville, Pennsylvania, in 1888. He was a forester and received his B.S. in Forestry from the Pennsylvania State College in 1907 and his M.F. from Yale in 1910. He was appointed the Regional Forester for Alaska in 1937 and held that position until 1953. During the same interval he was the Commissioner for Alaska of the Department of Agriculture. During World War II he directed the Alaska Spruce Log Program, a public agency formed to take Sitka spruce from Alaska forests for aircraft material. In 1953 he became the Governor of the Territory of Alaska, a position which he held until 1957. Alaska will miss Frank Heintzleman. His broad knowledge of the State, his long experience, his high principles and his dedication to the development of the State were invaluable.

Advances in Ice Mechanics in West Germany

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1208-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Ice Forces ◽  
Made In

Ice research in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) started after World War II with the first small ice tank built at HSVA in Hamburg in 1958. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the Arctic and the membership in the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research led to the need for model tests and the advancing ice modelling techniques. In 1984 a new, large ice model basin was built at HSVA. Substantial progress has been made in the experimental research of basic ice mechanics and ice forces for the past 20 years. Computational methods and quantum statistical approach have recently been introduced for the study of ice properties. Predicting methods of ice forces with model and full scale experiments have been investigated. This paper highlights West German contributions for the last 20 years.

The Evolution of the Arctic Submarine

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred S. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jules Verne ◽  
History Of ◽  
John Wilkins

This paper examines the evolution of the arctic submarine and the ever-increasing scientific and commercial potential which have accompanied this evolution over the past 340 years. It is a sporadic history of arctic submarine ideas, concepts and actual experiences with vessels at sea. It happens to be a history that is largely American, with important additions as a result of the experiences of the Germans, Soviets and the British, particularly during World War II. Finally, it is a history in which five early visionaries in particular stand out: Bishop John Wilkins of England; Jules Verne of France; Professor Anschutz-Kampfe of Germany; the submarine designer Simon Lake, of the United States — whose influence extended over four decades until well into the twentieth century; and Sir Hubert Wilkins of Australia.

Traditional Saami reindeer herding village resource territories on the western Kola Peninsula, Russia

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Wheelersburg ◽  
Natalia Gutsol
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Lake Imandra

ABSTRACTSome Arctic scholars believe that modern reindeer herding on the Kola Peninsula has cultural continuity with the traditional period of such activity in the late 19th century. Others believe that by World War II, Soviet repression of Saami leaders, collectivisation of herding villages, and relocation of families had eliminated many traditional behaviours, especially in the Lake Imandra watershed. This study utilises informant interviews with survivors of the Babinski and Ekostrovski Saami reindeer herding villages and archival materials to understand how their families used land and water to fish, hunt, and obtain other resources including cash labour. As part of the United States National Science Foundation's human dimensions of the Arctic system (HARC) programme to examine how humans are both shaped by, and shape, the Arctic environment, the authors document how lands and waters formed traditional resource territories for Saami herding families. The results reveal that prior to their destruction, western Kola reindeer herding villages were integrated along family lines, with villages sharing mates, resource territories, and economic activities. This paper argues that there was, in fact, no cultural continuity between traditional Saami reindeer herding villages and modern herding structures such as the post-Soviet brigade on the western Kola Peninsula.

The Legal Regime of Russian Territorial Waters

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Butler
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Baltic

Several elements have interacted to influence the course and pattern of the boundaries and the regime of Soviet territorial waters. The foremost of these is national security. All of the seas bordering the U.S.S.R. have narrow entrances which can be commanded easily by hostile foreign Powers. During the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War, German vessels and, after the War, Allied vessels in the Baltic and the Dardanelles restricted to an uncomfortable extent the freedom of action of the Soviet Government. Soviet weakness in the Baltic theater was a major factor in determining Soviet policy towards Finland and the Baltic states during the 1939-1941 period, and the proximity of NATO naval forces to the Baltic continues to provoke Soviet proposals to close the sea to noncoastal Powers. Similarly, the U.S.S.R. was compelled to endure Turkish violations of the Montreux Convention on the Turkish Straits during World War II while its Black Sea fleet was immobilized. The Pacific coast seas and the Atlantic and Pacific approaches to the Arctic seas are also susceptible to a blockade by hostile Powers. Even the Arctic seas themselves, once regarded as an unguarded but impregnable frozen boundary, have become unexpectedly vulnerable with the development of nuclear submarines.

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