scholarly journals Building Momentum to Realign Incentives to Support Open Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Heather Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Academic Leaders ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Incentives

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to strengthen global scientific collaboration, and to ensure the fundamental right to universal access to scientific progress and its applications. Open Science (OS) is central to achieving these goals. It aims to make science accessible, transparent, and effective by providing barrier-free access to scientific publications, data, and infrastructures, along with open software, Open Educational Resources, and open technologies. OS also promotes public trust in science at a time when it has never been more important to do so. Over the past decade, momentum towards the widespread adoption of OS practices has been primarily driven by declarations (e.g., DORA, the Leiden Manifesto). These serve an important role, but for OS to truly take root, researchers also must be fully incentivized and rewarded for its practice. This requires research funders and academic leaders to take the lead in collaborating, with researchers in designing, and implementing new incentive structures, and to actively work to socialize these throughout the research ecosystem. The US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) Roundtable on Aligning Research Incentives for OS is one such effort. This paper examines the strategy behind convening the Roundtable, its current participant makeup, focus, and outputs. It also explores how this approach might be expanded and adapted throughout the global OS community.

scholarly journals Institutional development of universities in the context of the implementation of Open Science concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-225
Author(s):  
Iryna Drach
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Research Integrity ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Funding Policy ◽  
Scientific Publications

The article analyses the policy and procedures for implementing Open Science concept as a basis for the institutional development of universities. The key events and documents of the European Research Area, which determine the policies and procedures for the development of Open Science, are described. It is concluded that Open Science represents a new approach to the scientific process, based on collaboration and new ways of disseminating knowledge through digital technologies and new tools for collaboration. Open science enhances the quality and impact of research by promoting reproducibility and interdisciplinarity of knowledge; using the open and joint method of production and exchange of knowledge and data in the research process; improving the quality of research, the reliability of the results and the sensitivity of science to the needs of society. It is determined that the goals of Open Science are: the openness of data; the development of the European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of a new generation of indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouraging an early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe. The characteristics and indicators of Open Science, which determine the directions of institutional development of universities, are analysed. The characteristics of Open Science include open data; open academic communication; open access to publications. Indicators of open research data are repositories of research data; funding policy for data sharing; the researcher's attitude to data sharing; indicators of open academic communication - open expert feedback; the journal's policy on open expert feedback; use of altmetric platforms; correction and revocation; open access to publications indicators - open access publication; preprints; alternative publishing platforms; open access funding policy; the journal's open access policy; the researcher's attitude to open access. The goals of Open Science are focused on the openness of data; the development of European Open Science Cloud as a unified ecosystem of research data infrastructures; development of new generation indicators for assessing the quality and impact of research, which complement the generally accepted indicators to take into account the openness of scientific practices; free access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications, encouragement of early exchange of various types of scientific results; recognition of openness of scientific activity in systems of evaluation of scientific career of researchers; compliance of all EU-funded research with generally agreed standards of research integrity; European scientists acquire the necessary skills and support to teach Open Science procedures and practices; the opportunity for the general public to make a significant contribution to the production of scientific knowledge in Europe. The key provisions and promising areas of EU policy on the development of Open Science are analysed. Emphasis is laid on the importance of supporting universities at the national and European levels for the large-scale implementation of the practice of Open Science.

scholarly journals Opening Access, Closing the Knowledge Gap? Analysing GC No. 25 on the Right to Science and Its Implications for the Global Science System in the Digital Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
Raffaela Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Science System ◽  
Global Science ◽  
The Right

The Corona pandemic as never before shows the advantages of Open Science and Open Access (OA), understood as the unrestricted access to research data, software and publications over the internet. It might accelerate the long-predicted “access revolution” in the academic publishing system towards a system in which scientific publications are freely available for readers over the internet. This paradigm shift, for which the “flipping” of this journal is but one of many examples, is underway, with major research funding organisations at the national and international levels massively supporting it. The call for OA has now also been taken up by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which in its recent General Comment (GC) No. 25 explicitly asks states to promote OA. Following the line of argument of the OA movement, the Committee finds that OA is beneficial to democracy, scientific progress and furthermore a tool to bridge the “knowledge gap”. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the GC and its implications for the global science system in the digital age. It argues that the great merit of the GC lies in highlighting that “benefitting” from science includes access to science as such and not only to its material outcomes. This underscores the independent meaning of the right to science which so far was primarily seen as an enabler for other social rights. However, when it comes to OA, the GC has problematic flaws. It simply assumes that OA is beneficial to the right to science, overlooking that the OA model which is likely to become the global standard risks to benefit the already privileged, namely researchers and publishers of wealthy institutions in the Global North, further sidelining those at the margins. Rather than narrowing existing gaps, it risks to further deepen them. In order to remain meaningful in the face of the fundamental criticism it faces, human rights law needs to address systemic issues and inequalities – in the science system and beyond.

scholarly journals Virus de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) y coronavirus en Google Dataset Search: alcance y correlación epidemiológica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Blázquez-Ochando ◽  
Juan-José Prieto-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Virus Zika ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an analysis of the publication of datasets collected via Google Dataset Search, specialized in families of RNA viruses, whose terminology was obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) thesaurus developed by the US Department of Health and Human Services. The objective is to determine the scope and reuse capacity of the available data, determine the number of datasets and their free access, the proportion in reusable download formats, the main providers, their publication chronology, and to verify their scientific provenance. On the other hand, we also define possible relationships between the publication of datasets and the main pandemics that have occurred during the last 10 years. The results obtained highlight that only 52% of the datasets are related to scientific research, while an even smaller fraction (15%) are reusable. There is also an upward trend in the publication of datasets, especially related to the impact of the main epidemics, as clearly confirmed for the Ebola virus, Zika, SARS-CoV, H1N1, H1N5, and especially the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Finally, it is observed that the search engine has not yet implemented adequate methods for filtering and monitoring the datasets. These results reveal some of the difficulties facing open science in the dataset field. Resumen Se presenta un análisis sobre la publicación de conjuntos de datos recogidos en el buscador Google Dataset Search, especializados en familias de virus de ARN, cuya terminología fue obtenida en el tesauro del National Cancer Institute (NCI), elaborado por el Department of Health and Human Services de los Estados Unidos. Se busca evaluar el alcance y capacidad de reutilización de los datos disponibles, determinando el número de datasets, su libre acceso, proporción en formatos de descarga reutilizables, principales proveedores, cronología de publicación y verificación de su procedencia científica. Por otra parte, definir posibles vínculos entre la publicación de datasets y las principales pandemias ocurridas en los últimos 10 años. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destaca que sólo el 52% de los datasets tienen correspondencia con investigaciones científicas y, en menor medida, un 15% son reaprovechables. También se observa una evolución al alza en la publicación de datasets, especialmente vinculada a la afectación de las principales epidemias. Esto es confirmado de manera evidente con los virus del Ébola, Zika, SARS-CoV, H1N1, H1N5 y, particularmente con el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Finalmente, se observa que el buscador aún no ha implementado métodos adecuados para el filtrado y supervisión de los datasets. Estos resultados muestran algunas de las dificultades que aún presenta la ciencia abierta en el campo de los datasets.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the use of open educational resources in the development of students’ foreign language speech skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
G. Sarzhanova ◽  
◽  
A. Toleuzhan ◽  
S. Turbaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Authentic Materials ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The article discusses the importance of using open educational resources (OER) and the need to use the technology for the development of speaking skills in the foreign language as well. The concept of OER first emerged in the 1990s and Open Educational Resources Movement announced in 2001 that MIT's entire course catalog was being put online and the project was going to be launched at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2002. This technology has a number of advantages. For example, the use of OER provides free access to textbooks, allows maximizing time efficiently, increases the interest and motivation of students and helps teachers transform classes. However, it is difficult to deny the existence of some problems regarding OER. The main disadvantages include the quality of the educational resource and the lack of Internet access in all regions of the world. But shortcomings are a ‘temporary issue’ and in the future OER will be adapted in all countries of the world to a greater extent. It will be productive to develop foreign language speech skills using OER, since it allows students to acquire new knowledge more quickly and effectively. The developments of such skills will undoubtedly occurre directly as a result of the continuing use of various authentic materials and the frequent use of these materials by foreign language teachers in the classes is a topical issue. As a result, teachers may encounter problems related to lack of suitable language teaching materials. An important condition for solving the problem is the use of OER, which helps the teacher to develop students’ required skills in the learning process.

scholarly journals The Sustainability Argument for Open Science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Govaart ◽  
Simon M. Hofmann ◽  
Evelyn Medawar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Academic Environments ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Climate Crisis

Ever-increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions narrow the timeframe for humanity to mitigate the climate crisis. Scientific research activities are resource demanding and, consequently, contribute to climate change; at the same time, scientists have a central role in advancing knowledge, also on climate-related topics. In this opinion piece, we discuss (1) how open science – adopted on an individual as well as on a systemic level – can contribute to making research more environmentally friendly, and (2) how open science practices can make research activities more efficient and thereby foster scientific progress and solutions to the climate crises. While many building blocks are already at hand, systemic changes are necessary in order to create academic environments that support open science practices and encourage scientists from all fields to become more carbon-conscious, ultimately contributing to a sustainable future.

scholarly journals Ebola Outbreak Response: The Role of Information Resources and the National Library of Medicine

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia B. Love ◽  
Stacey J. Arnesen ◽  
Steven J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
National Library ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Journal Literature ◽  
The Us ◽  
Variation Database ◽  
Disaster Event

AbstractThe US National Library of Medicine (NLM) offers Internet-based, no-cost resources useful for responding to the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak. Resources for health professionals, planners, responders, and researchers include PubMed, Disaster Lit, the Web page “Ebola Outbreak 2014: Information Resources,” and the Virus Variation database of sequences for Ebolavirus. In cooperation with participating publishers, NLM offers free access to full-text articles from over 650 biomedical journals and 4000 online reference books through the Emergency Access Initiative. At the start of a prolonged disaster event or disease outbreak, the documents and information of most immediate use may not be in the peer-reviewed biomedical journal literature. To maintain current awareness may require using any of the following: news outlets; social media; preliminary online data, maps, and situation reports; and documents published by nongovernmental organizations, international associations, and government agencies. Similar to the pattern of interest shown in the news and social media, use of NLM Ebola-related resources is also increasing since the start of the outbreak was first reported in March 2014 (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)

A Community Perspective on Research Software in the Hydrological Sciences 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Reinecke ◽  
Tim Trautmann ◽  
Thorsten Wagener ◽  
Katja Schüler
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Knowledge Community ◽  
Research Software ◽  
Software Engineering Process ◽  
First Results ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Access To Data

<div> <p>Software development has become an integral part of the earth system sciences as models and data processing get more sophisticated. Paradoxically, it poses a threat to scientific progress as the pillar of science, reproducibility, is seldomly reached. Software code tends to be either poorly written and documented or not shared at all; proper software licenses are rarely attributed. This is especially worrisome as scientific results have potential controversial implications for stakeholders and policymakers and may influence the public opinion for a long time. </p> </div><div> <p>In recent years, progress towards open science has led to more publishers demanding access to data and source code alongside peer-reviewed manuscripts. Still, recent studies find that results in hydrology can rarely be reproduced. </p> </div><div> <p>In this talk, we present first results of a poll conducted in spring 2021 among the hydrological science community. Therein, we strive to investigate the causes for that lack of reproducibility. We take a peek behind the curtain and unveil how the community develops and maintains complex code and what that entails for reproducibility. Our survey includes background knowledge, community opinion, and behaviour practices regarding reproducible software development.  </p> </div><div> <p>We postulate that this lack of reproducibility might be rooted in insufficient reward within the scientific community, insecurity regarding proper licencing of software and other parts of the research compendium as well as scientists’ unawareness about how to make software available in a way that allows for proper attribution of their work. We question putative causes such as unclear guidelines of research institutions or that software has been developed over decades by researchers' cohorts without a proper software engineering process and transparent licensing. </p> </div><div> <p>To this end, we also summarize solutions like the adaption of modern project management methods from the computer engineering community that will eventually reduce costs while increasing the reproducibility of scientific research. </p> </div>

Internet and Access to Scholarly Publications

2011 ◽  
pp. 653-659
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Rennard
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Scholarly Publications

“If I have seen further it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” The famous statement of Sir Isaac Newton demonstrates that the progress of science relies on the dissemination of discoveries and scientific knowledge. Even though scientific progress is not strictly cumulative (Kuhn, 1970), information sharing is the heart of this progress. In the Gutenberg era, researchers had no alternative: Publishers were the only way to reach readers. The development of e-commerce and of digital networks led to the post-Gutenberg era, and offers a powerful alternative that can lead in the long term to a new organization of scientific publications (Harnad, 1999). As well as e-commerce is revolutionizing the distribution of cultural goods (particularly music), the distribution of scientific knowledge through the Internet should contribute to the emergence of a new economic model.

scholarly journals Understanding the Value of International Research Networks: An Evaluation of the International Cancer Screening Network of the US National Cancer Institute

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Vogel ◽  
Douglas M. Puricelli Perin ◽  
Ya-Ling Lu ◽  
Stephen H. Taplin
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
International Research ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Meeting ◽  
Research Networks ◽  
The Us ◽  
Knowledge Of Cancer

PURPOSE International research networks have the potential to accelerate scientific progress via knowledge sharing and collaboration. In 2018, the US National Cancer Institute evaluated the International Cancer Screening Network (ICSN), in operation since 1988. METHODS ICSN hosts a biennial scientific meeting and scientific working groups. A survey was fielded to 665 ICSN participants, and a bibliometric analysis was conducted for ICSN publications. RESULTS A total of 243 individuals completed the survey (36.5%). They reported that participating in the ICSN helped advance their knowledge of cancer screening research (75.7%), policy development (56%), and implementation (47.7%). Approximately three-quarters agreed that ICSN facilitated knowledge sharing and networking among researchers and implementers (79.9%) and those working on different continents (74.0%) and cancer sites (73.7%). More than half reported that participating helped them form new collaborations in screening implementation (58.0%) or research (57.6%). Most agreed that ICSN helped to advance screening research and evaluation (75.4%), effective screening practices (71.2%), and screening policies (60.9%). Many reported that participating informed advances in their own research (68.7%) and screening implementation (50.2%) and policies (49.4%) in their settings. Approximately two-thirds agreed that ICSN helped advance career development among current experts (66.6%) and train the next generation (62.2%). Half (51.4%) reported that participating advanced their own careers. The 20 ICSN publications included 75 coauthors. They were cited in 589 publications with more than 2,000 coauthors. CONCLUSION Findings provide evidence of the influence of ICSN on international knowledge dissemination, collaboration, and advances in cancer screening research, implementation, and policies and highlight the potential value of longstanding international research networks.

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