Teacher Pension Incentives, Retirement Behavior, and Potential for Reform in Arkansas

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Costrell ◽  
Josh B. McGee
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Service Requirement ◽  
Retirement Plan ◽  
Retirement Behavior ◽  
Pension Wealth

The authors analyze the Arkansas teacher pension plan and empirically gauge the behavioral response to incentives embedded in that plan and to possible reforms. The pattern of pension wealth accrual creates sharp incentives to work until eligible for early or normal retirement, often in one's early fifties, and to separate shortly thereafter. We estimate the effect of pension wealth accrual on teacher separation decisions using a new longitudinal data set of Arkansas teachers and find a significant impact. We then simulate the response to eliminating early retirement and raising the service requirement for normal retirement. We also simulate a shift to a constant accrual retirement plan. The response to both reforms is complex, as some would leave earlier and others stay longer. A constant accrual plan smoothes the pattern of retirement behavior as individuals tailor decisions to their own preferences instead of those built into the pension formula.

Measures Collected on the USMA Class of 1998 as Part of the Baseline Officer Longitudinal Data Set (BOLDS)

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Milan ◽  
Dennis R. Bourne ◽  
Michelle M. Zazanis ◽  
Paul T. Bartone
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Data Set

scholarly journals Actuarial deductions for early retirement

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Markus Knell
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Market Interest Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Retirement Behavior ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper studies how the rates of deduction for early retirement have to be determined in pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems in order to keep their budget stable. The derivation of these deductions requires the use of a multiperiod intertemporal budget constraint that involves assumptions about the retirement behavior of past, present, and future cohorts. In general, it is not possible to calculate budget-neutral deductions from the budget constraint of a single individual who retires before the target retirement age—an approach that dominates the related literature. Only for specific cases one can use this second approach but then one has to adjust the discount rate to the assumption about collective retirement. If there is only one deviating individual, then the right choice is the market interest rate while for a stationary retirement distribution it is the internal rate of return of the PAYG system. In this case, the necessary deductions are lower than under the standard approach. This is also true for retirement ages that fluctuate randomly around a stationary distribution. Various long-run developments (e.g., increases in life expectancy or permanent changes in the average retirement age) might cause challenges for the sustainability of the pension system. These developments, however, can only be dealt with by adequate adjustments to the basic pension formulas and not by the use of deduction rates.

Tie Decay and Dissolution: Contentious Prescribing Practices in the Prescription Drug Epidemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria (Shu) Zhang ◽  
Marissa D. King
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

Although a substantial body of work has investigated drivers of tie formation, there is growing interest in understanding why relationships decay or dissolve altogether. The networks literature has tended to conceptualize tie decay as driven by processes similar to those underlying tie formation. Yet information that is revealed through ongoing interactions can exert different effects on tie formation and tie decay. This paper investigates how tie decay and tie formation processes differ by focusing on contentious practices. To the extent that information about dissimilarities in contentious practices is learned through ongoing interactions, it can exert diverging effects on tie formation and tie decay. Using a longitudinal data set of 141,543 physician dyads, we find that differences in contentious prescribing led ties to weaken or dissolve altogether but did not affect tie formation. The more contentious the practice and the more information available about the practice, the stronger the effect on tie decay and dissolution. Collectively, these findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of relationship evolution as an unfolding process through which deeper-level differences are revealed and shape the outcome of the tie.

Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

scholarly journals The normative evolution of corporate governance in the UK: an empirical analysis (1995-2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Pletz ◽  
Joan Upson
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
The Uk

Purpose This paper aims to analyse normative corporate governance evolution in the UK between 1995 and 2014 against the benchmark of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) regulatory principles. Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, the authors conduct an empirical, longitudinal data set analysis of the formative years of UK normative corporate governance development between 1995 and 2014. We provide a qualitative discussion of the empirical evidence that links the type of UK regulatory corporate governance development to financial market growth thereby adopting a mixed approach based on quantitative and qualitative research methods. Findings The authors find that compared to the OECD model of corporate governance, the UK model is less rigid following a more self-regulatory approach based upon a “comply or explain” paradigm. Thus it is scored below corporate governance systems that follow a compulsory implementation model. However, even with such “low” tilt towards formal shareholder primacy norms, the UK has the best performing financial market. As a quasi-empirical study, the authors suggest that there are several historical and economic reasons for this, which together with a robust rule of law in the UK contribute to this performance – and the law especially the type or tilt is less relevant. Originality/value This is the first of its kind empirical, longitudinal data set analysis with qualitative elements that links empirical evidence to regulatory developments in the wider context of UK corporate governance evolution.

Individual analysis of EEG background‐activity within school age: impact of age and sex within a longitudinal data set

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Gmehlin ◽  
Christine Thomas ◽  
Matthias Weisbrod ◽  
Stephan Walther ◽  
Ute Pfüller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
School Age ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Analysis ◽  
Age And Sex

scholarly journals Causal Effects of the Timing of Life-course Events: Age at Retirement and Subsequent Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Barban ◽  
X. de Luna ◽  
E. Lundholm ◽  
I. Svensson ◽  
F. C. Billari
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
And Control

In this article, we combine the extensive literature on the analysis of life-course trajectories as sequences with the literature on causal inference and propose a new matching approach to investigate the causal effect of the timing of life-course events on subsequent outcomes. Our matching approach takes into account pre-event confounders that are both time-independent and time-dependent as well as life-course trajectories. After matching, treated and control individuals can be compared using standard statistical tests or regression models. We apply our approach to the study of the consequences of the age at retirement on subsequent health outcomes, using a unique data set from Swedish administrative registers. Once selectivity in the timing of retirement is taken into account, effects on hospitalization are small, while early retirement has negative effects on survival. Our approach also allows for heterogeneous treatment effects. We show that the effects of early retirement differ according to preretirement income, with higher income individuals tending to benefit from early retirement, while the opposite is true for individuals with lower income.

Evolving Attitudes Toward the Personal Use of Technology While at Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Bryon Patrick Balint
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Personal Gain ◽  
Personal Time ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Personal Use ◽  
Personal Productivity ◽  
Over Time

Since the advent of the consumer internet and later the smartphone, the lines between “work time” and “personal time” have eroded. Employees increasingly have access to technology that facilitates the performance of personal activities while in the workplace. This study examines changes in attitudes towards using technology for personal gain while at work. The study uses a longitudinal data set of survey data collected from 2013 to 2018. This paper finds that attitudes have become more permissive over time when it comes to using technology for personal productivity and for obtaining information not related to work. In contrast, this research also finds that attitudes towards using technology for relaxation and entertainment while at work have become less permissive.

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