scholarly journals Dissociable Neuroanatomical Correlates of Subsecond and Suprasecond Time Perception

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1685-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masamichi J. Hayashi ◽  
Moona Kantele ◽  
Vincent Walsh ◽  
Synnöve Carlson ◽  
Ryota Kanai
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

The ability to estimate durations varies across individuals. Although previous studies have reported that individual differences in perceptual skills and cognitive capacities are reflected in brain structures, it remains unknown whether timing abilities are also reflected in the brain anatomy. Here, we show that individual differences in the ability to estimate subsecond and suprasecond durations correlate with gray matter (GM) volume in different parts of cortical and subcortical areas. Better ability to discriminate subsecond durations was associated with a larger GM volume in the bilateral anterior cerebellum, whereas better performance in estimating the suprasecond range was associated with a smaller GM volume in the inferior parietal lobule. These results indicate that regional GM volume is predictive of an individual's timing abilities. These morphological results support the notion that subsecond durations are processed in the motor system, whereas suprasecond durations are processed in the parietal cortex by utilizing the capacity of attention and working memory to keep track of time.

scholarly journals Gray Matter Volume in Different Cortical Structures Dissociably Relates to Individual Differences in Capacity and Precision of Visual Working Memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 4759-4770
Author(s):  
Maro G Machizawa ◽  
Jon Driver ◽  
Takeo Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Anatomy

Abstract Visual working memory (VWM) refers to our ability to selectively maintain visual information in a mental representation. While cognitive limits of VWM greatly influence a variety of mental operations, it remains controversial whether the quantity or quality of representations in mind constrains VWM. Here, we examined behavior-to-brain anatomical relations as well as brain activity to brain anatomy associations with a “neural” marker specific to the retention interval of VWM. Our results consistently indicated that individuals who maintained a larger number of items in VWM tended to have a larger gray matter (GM) volume in their left lateral occipital region. In contrast, individuals with a superior ability to retain with high precision tended to have a larger GM volume in their right parietal lobe. These results indicate that individual differences in quantity and quality of VWM may be associated with regional GM volumes in a dissociable manner, indicating willful integration of information in VWM may recruit separable cortical subsystems.

Selective Vulnerability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Laureno
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Selective System ◽  
Hereditary Disorders ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter on “Selective Vulnerability” examines the selective vulnerability of different parts of the brain to particular diseases. In one disease, certain areas of brain are particularly vulnerable. In other diseases, different parts of the brain are more susceptible. The concept of selective vulnerability was originally applied to toxic/metabolic and hereditary disorders, but it is also useful in thinking about other neuropathologic processes including neoplastic, infectious, demyelinative, vascular, and traumatic diseases. Diseases can selectively affect brain systems, brain structures, or brain regions. Selective system involvement is clear in degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; selective structure involvement occurs in carbon monoxide’s effect on the globus pallidus; selective region involvement is found in myelinolysis.

scholarly journals Inferior parietal lobule and early visual areas support elicitation of individualized meanings during narrative listening

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saalasti ◽  
J. Alho ◽  
M. Bar ◽  
E. Glerean ◽  
T. Honkela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Latent Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Parietal Lobule

AbstractWhen listening to a narrative, the verbal expressions translate into meanings and flow of mental imagery, at best vividly immersing the keen listener into the sights, sounds, scents, objects, actions, and events in the story. However, the same narrative can be heard quite differently based on differences in listeners’ previous experiences and knowledge, as the semantics and mental imagery elicited by words and phrases in the story vary extensively between any given two individuals. Here, we capitalized on such inter-individual differences to disclose brain regions that support transformation of narrative into individualized propositional meanings and associated mental imagery by analyzing brain activity associated with behaviorally-assessed individual meanings elicited by a narrative. Sixteen subjects listed words best describing what had come to their minds during each 3–5 sec segment of an eight-minute narrative that they listened during fMRI of brain hemodynamic activity. Similarities in these word listings between subjects, estimated using latent-semantic analysis combined with WordNet knowledge, predicted similarities in brain hemodynamic activity in supramarginal and angular gyri as well as in cuneus. Our results demonstrate how inter-individual differences in semantic representations can be measured and utilized to identify specific brain regions that support the elicitation of individual propositional meanings and the associated mental imagery when one listens to a narrative.

DYNAMICS OF THE PROCESSES OF INTER- AND INTRA-HEMISPHERIC INTERACTIONS (FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY) OF THE BRAIN MOTOR ZONES RESPONSIBLE FOR WALKING IN NEURO-REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH FOCAL DAMAGES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
I.V. Saenko ◽  
◽  
L.A. Chernikova ◽  
A.E. Khizhnikova ◽  
E.I. Kremneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
The Brain

The paper discusses the findings of studying neuroplastic transformations in the brain cortex owing to stroke patients therapy using soft multimodel exoskeleton complex (MEC) REGENT in comparison with activation of the cortex structures controlling locomotion in healthy people. The MEC course applied to hemiparetic patients increases walk speed; changes in the activity zones detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) attest to the positive trajectory of neuroplastic processes, i.e. activation in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex), secondary association cortex (inferior parietal lobule) on the damaged hemisphere, and right-side primary sensorimotor cortex. Analysis of the functional connectivity between the areas of interest before and after the MEC therapy elicited significant changes in the inter- and intra-hemispheric connections. This positive cortical reorganization has its origin in reduction of excitory interactions between the secondary associative areas (inferior parietal lobules in both hemispheres) and alleviation of the inhibitory interaction between the inferior parietal lobule and primary right-side sensorimotor cortex in the damaged hemisphere.

scholarly journals Right Inferior Parietal Lobule Activity Is Associated With Handwriting Spontaneous Tempo

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bonzano ◽  
Ambra Bisio ◽  
Ludovico Pedullà ◽  
Giampaolo Brichetto ◽  
Marco Bove
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Visuomotor Integration ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Handwriting is a complex activity including motor planning and visuomotor integration and referring to some brain areas identified as “writing centers.” Although temporal features of handwriting are as important as spatial ones, to our knowledge, there is no evidence of the description of specific brain areas associated with handwriting tempo. People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) show handwriting impairments that are mainly referred to as the temporal features of the task. The aim of this work was to assess differences in the brain activation pattern elicited by handwriting between PwMS and healthy controls (HC), with the final goal of identifying possible areas specific for handwriting tempo. Subjects were asked to write a sentence at their spontaneous speed. PwMS differed only in temporal handwriting features from HC and showed reduced activation with a subset of the clusters observed in HC. Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed between handwriting temporal parameters and the activity in the brain areas resulting from the contrast analysis, HC > PwMS. We found that the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) negatively correlated with the duration of the sentence, indicating that the higher the right IPL activity, the faster the handwriting performance. We propose that the right IPL might be considered a “writing tempo center.”

scholarly journals Determination of Tumor Boundaries in FLAIR Sequence MR Image with Different Image Segmentation Algorithms

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Muhammet Usame Ozic ◽  
Cansu Gunes ◽  
Ahmet Avci
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mr Image ◽  
Flair Sequence ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms ◽  
Tumor Region ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

Tumors are undesired tissue disorders that occur in many different parts of the body. These disorders can be either benign or malignant depending on their type. Brain tumors are non-brain structures that are frequently encountered in neurology. These structures negatively affect daily life by disrupting the functional centers of the person with respect to their region in the brain. Determining certain boundaries of tumor areas in radiology is an important parameter for treatment and diagnosis. In this study, segmentation of the tumor region on FLAIR sequence MR image taken from the BRATS database has been tried with seven different image processing algorithms. Segmentation performances of algorithms have been determined by using dice and jaccard indexes.

scholarly journals Niels Stensen: A 17th Century Scientist with a Modern View of Brain Organization

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
To Come ◽  
Convergent Approach ◽  
The Brain

Abstract:In 1665 the Danish scholar Niels Stensen (1638-1686) reached Paris, where he pronounced a discourse on brain anatomy that was to orient neuroscientists for years to come. In his lecture, Stensen rejected ancient speculations about animal spirits and criticized René Descartes and his followers who, despite a poor knowledge of brain anatomy, elaborated complex models to explain the multifaceted function of what he considered the principal organ of the human mind. He advocated the need for studying the brain through a comparative, developmental and pathological convergent approach and called for appropriate dissection methods and accurate illustrations. His own careful anatomical studies permitted him to precisely depict many brain structures. After pioneering works in paleontology and geology, he devoted himself to theology. In 1677 Stensen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism and, while working relentlessly as a bishop and apostolic vicar in Northern Europe, he died in self-imposed poverty at age 48.

Processes of Working Memory in Mind and Brain

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jonides ◽  
Steven C. Lacey ◽  
Derek Evan Nee
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

Working memory is often conceptualized as storage buffers that retain information briefly, rehearsal processes that refresh the buffers, and executive processes that manipulate the contents of the buffers. We review evidence about the brain mechanisms that may underlie storage and rehearsal in working memory. We hypothesize that storage is mediated by the same brain structures that process perceptual information and that rehearsal engages a network of brain areas that also controls attention to external stimuli.

scholarly journals Visual perception as retrospective Bayesian decoding from high- to low-level features

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (43) ◽  
pp. E9115-E9124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Ding ◽  
Christopher J. Cueva ◽  
Misha Tsodyks ◽  
Ning Qian
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Global Precedence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

When a stimulus is presented, its encoding is known to progress from low- to high-level features. How these features are decoded to produce perception is less clear, and most models assume that decoding follows the same low- to high-level hierarchy of encoding. There are also theories arguing for global precedence, reversed hierarchy, or bidirectional processing, but they are descriptive without quantitative comparison with human perception. Moreover, observers often inspect different parts of a scene sequentially to form overall perception, suggesting that perceptual decoding requires working memory, yet few models consider how working-memory properties may affect decoding hierarchy. We probed decoding hierarchy by comparing absolute judgments of single orientations and relative/ordinal judgments between two sequentially presented orientations. We found that lower-level, absolute judgments failed to account for higher-level, relative/ordinal judgments. However, when ordinal judgment was used to retrospectively decode memory representations of absolute orientations, striking aspects of absolute judgments, including the correlation and forward/backward aftereffects between two reported orientations in a trial, were explained. We propose that the brain prioritizes decoding of higher-level features because they are more behaviorally relevant, and more invariant and categorical, and thus easier to specify and maintain in noisy working memory, and that more reliable higher-level decoding constrains less reliable lower-level decoding.

An Emerging Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-48
Author(s):  
Stanley Finger
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Medical Degree ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Innate Faculty

Gall built a successful practice after obtaining his medical degree in 1785. He lived in a fashionable part of Vienna and in 1790 married Katharina Leisler, who he knew from Strasbourg. He published his first book in 1791, a philosophical work on the mind and the art of healing, in which he dispensed with metaphysics and loosely presented some ideas (e.g., innate faculties, individual differences) but not others (e.g., localizing faculties) that he would develop in his later “organology.” Shortly after, he met a young musical prodigy named Bianchi, who was ordinary in other ways. Although this convinced him that music had to be an innate faculty of mind, he did not correlate this trait with a distinctive cranial bump at this time. Nonetheless, her case seemed to have reminded him of the good memorizers of his youth, who had bulging eyes, also leading him to his new theory of mind. By 1796, he was lecturing from his home about many independent faculties of mind, the parts of the brain associated with them, and skull markers as a means to correlate behavioral functions with underlying brain structures. Two years later, he published a letter to Joseph Friedrich Freiherr Retzer, the Viennese censor, laying out his doctrine and methods with humans and animals. In it, he presented himself as a physiognomist.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document