scholarly journals The Cortex-based Alignment Approach to TMS Coil Positioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2321-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Duecker ◽  
Martin A. Frost ◽  
Tom A. de Graaf ◽  
Britta Graewe ◽  
Christianne Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Data ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Group Data ◽  
The Individual

TMS allows noninvasive manipulation of brain activity in healthy participants and patients. The effectiveness of TMS experiments critically depends on precise TMS coil positioning, which is best for most brain areas when a frameless stereotactic system is used to target activation foci based on individual fMRI data. From a purely scientific perspective, individual fMRI-guided TMS is thus the method of choice to ensure optimal TMS efficiency. Yet, from a more practical perspective, such individual functional data are not always available, and therefore alternative TMS coil positioning approaches are often applied, for example, based on functional group data reported in Talairach coordinates. We here propose a novel method for TMS coil positioning that is based on functional group data, yet only requires individual anatomical data. We used cortex-based alignment (CBA) to transform individual anatomical data to an atlas brain that includes probabilistic group maps of two functional regions (FEF and hMT+/V5). Then, these functional group maps were back-transformed to the individual brain anatomy, preserving functional–anatomical correspondence. As a proof of principle, the resulting CBA-based functional targets in individual brain space were compared with individual FEF and hMT+/V5 hotspots as conventionally localized with individual fMRI data and with targets based on Talairach coordinates as commonly done in TMS research in case only individual anatomical data are available. The CBA-based approach significantly improved localization of functional brain areas compared with traditional Talairach-based targeting. Given the widespread availability of CBA schemes and preexisting functional group data, the proposed procedure is easy to implement and at no additional measurement costs. However, the accuracy of individual fMRI-guided TMS remains unparalleled, and the CBA-based approach should only be the method of choice when individual functional data cannot be obtained or experimental factors argue against it.

scholarly journals Resting-state brain activity can predict target-independent aptitude in fMRI-neurofeedback training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakano ◽  
Masahiro Takamura ◽  
Haruki Nishimura ◽  
Maro Machizawa ◽  
Naho Ichikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeurofeedback (NF) aptitude, which refers to an individual’s ability to change its brain activity through NF training, has been reported to vary significantly from person to person. The prediction of individual NF aptitudes is critical in clinical NF applications. In the present study, we extracted the resting-state functional brain connectivity (FC) markers of NF aptitude independent of NF-targeting brain regions. We combined the data in fMRI-NF studies targeting four different brain regions at two independent sites (obtained from 59 healthy adults and six patients with major depressive disorder) to collect the resting-state fMRI data associated with aptitude scores in subsequent fMRI-NF training. We then trained the regression models to predict the individual NF aptitude scores from the resting-state fMRI data using a discovery dataset from one site and identified six resting-state FCs that predicted NF aptitude. Next we validated the prediction model using independent test data from another site. The result showed that the posterior cingulate cortex was the functional hub among the brain regions and formed predictive resting-state FCs, suggesting NF aptitude may be involved in the attentional mode-orientation modulation system’s characteristics in task-free resting-state brain activity.

scholarly journals BDNF Val66Met polymorphism as putative genetic substrate of music-induced plasticity in auditory prediction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia EP Bruzzone ◽  
Leonardo Bonetti ◽  
Tiina Paunio ◽  
Katri Kantojarvi ◽  
Marina Kliuchko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Individual

Predictive processing of sounds depends on the constant updating of priors based on exposure to posteriors, which through repeated exposure mediates learning. The result of such corrections to the model is seen in musicians, whose lifelong training results in measurable plasticity of audio-motor brain anatomy and functionality. It has been suggested that the plasticity of auditory predictive processes depends on the interaction between the environment and the individual genetic substrate. However, empirical evidence to this is still missing. BDNF is a critical genetic factor affecting learning and plasticity, and its widely studied functional variant Val66Met single-nucleotide polymorphism offers a unique opportunity to investigate neuroplastic functional changes occurring upon a years-long training. We hypothesised that BDNF gene variations would be driving neuroplasticity of the auditory cortex in musically trained human participants. To this goal, musicians and non-musicians were recruited and divided in Val/Val and Met carriers and their brain activity measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG) while they listened to a regular auditory sequence containing different types of prediction errors. The auditory cortex responses to prediction errors was enhanced in Val/Val carriers who underwent intensive musical training, compared to Met and non-musicians. Our results point at a role of gene-regulated neurotrophic factors in the neural adaptations of auditory processing after long-term training.

scholarly journals The Effects of Global Signal Regression on Estimates of Resting-state BOLD fMRI and EEG Vigilance Correlations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Falahpour ◽  
Alican Nalci ◽  
Thomas T. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Global Signal ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractGlobal signal regression (GSR) is a commonly used albeit controversial preprocessing approach in the analysis of resting-state BOLD fMRI data. While the effects of GSR on resting-state functional connectivity measures have received much attention, there has been relatively little attention devoted to its effects on studies looking at the relation between resting-state BOLD measures and independent measures of brain activity. In this study we used simultaneously acquired EEG-fMRI data in humans to examine the effects of GSR on the correlation between resting-state BOLD fluctuations and EEG vigilance measures. We show that GSR leads to a positive shift in the correlation between the BOLD and vigilance measures. This shift leads to a reduction in the spatial extent of negative correlations in widespread brain areas, including the visual cortex, but leads to the appearance of positive correlations in other areas, such as the cingulate gyrus. The results obtained using GSR are consistent with those of a temporal censoring process in which the correlation is computed using a temporal subset of the data. Since the data from these retained time points are unaffected by the censoring process, this finding suggests that the positive correlations in cingulate gyrus are not simply an artifact of GSR.

scholarly journals EEG-Based Intersubject Correlations Reflect Selective Attention in a Competing Speaker Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rosenkranz ◽  
Björn Holtze ◽  
Manuela Jaeger ◽  
Stefan Debener
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Speech Envelope ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Several solutions have been proposed to study the relationship between ongoing brain activity and natural sensory stimuli, such as running speech. Computing the intersubject correlation (ISC) has been proposed as one possible approach. Previous evidence suggests that ISCs between the participants’ electroencephalogram (EEG) may be modulated by attention. The current study addressed this question in a competing-speaker paradigm, where participants (N = 41) had to attend to one of two concurrently presented speech streams. ISCs between participants’ EEG were higher for participants attending to the same story compared to participants attending to different stories. Furthermore, we found that ISCs between individual and group data predicted whether an individual attended to the left or right speech stream. Interestingly, the magnitude of the shared neural response with others attending to the same story was related to the individual neural representation of the attended and ignored speech envelope. Overall, our findings indicate that ISC differences reflect the magnitude of selective attentional engagement to speech.

scholarly journals Recombination within the HLA-D region. Correlation of molecular genotyping with functional data.

1984 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Robinson ◽  
E O Long ◽  
A H Johnson ◽  
R J Hartzman ◽  
B Mach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Data ◽  
Southern Blot Analysis ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Subtle Difference ◽  
Molecular Genotyping ◽  
Recombinant Haplotype ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
D Region ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hla Haplotypes

Molecular genotyping of the HLA-D/DR region in a family correlated with serologic and cellular typing data. It was further possible to predict a subtle difference in SB region-related functions from such molecular studies. A family that included an individual who inherited an HLA haplotype with a paternal recombination between HLA-B and the HLA-D/DR region was identified by classic HLA typing techniques. Segregation of HLA-D/DR region genes in this family was studied by Southern blot analysis using cDNA probes for DR alpha, DR beta, DC alpha, DC beta, and SB beta. Restriction enzyme fragment polymorphisms observed for every gene tested were in concordance with assigned HLA haplotypes (including the individual known to have inherited a paternal recombinant haplotype) with one exception: two HLA identical siblings were observed to have different SB beta restriction fragment patterns. Further testing revealed that one individual inherited a maternal HLA haplotype recombinant between the HLA-D/DR region and SB beta. Although both maternal SB alleles typed as SB4, allelic differences could be detected cellularly by primed lymphocytes and by the differential expression of a class II cell surface antigen using monoclonal antibody. Therefore, predicted and nonpredicted recombinant haplotypes were detected in a family by molecular genotyping.

Cannabidiol Has a Unique Effect on Global Brain Activity: A Pharmacological, Functional MRI Study in Awake Mice 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymen Sadaka ◽  
Ana Ozuna ◽  
Richard Ortiz ◽  
Praveen Kulkarni ◽  
Clare Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders. How does CBD interact with the brain to alter behavior? We hypothesized that CBD would produce a dose-dependent reduction in brain activity and functional coupling in neural circuitry associated with fear and defense. Methods: During the scanning session awake mice were given vehicle or CBD (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg I.P.) and imaged for 10 min post treatment. Mice were also treated with the 10 mg/kg dose of CBD and imaged one hr later for resting state BOLD functional connectivity (rsFC). Imaging data were registered to a 3D MRI mouse atlas providing site-specific information on 138 different brain areas. Blood samples were collected for CBD measurements.Results: CBD produced a dose-dependent polarization of activation along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain. The olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex showed an increase in positive BOLD whereas the brainstem and cerebellum showed a decrease in BOLD signal. This negative BOLD affected many areas connected to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). The ARAS was decoupled to much of the brain but was hyperconnected to the olfactory system and prefrontal cortex. The pattern of ARAS connectivity closely overlapped with brain areas showing high levels N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) messenger RNA.Conclusion: The CBD-induced decrease in ARAS activity is consistent with an emerging literature suggesting that CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress. The putative target and mechanism of action is NAPE-PLD the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of lipid signaling molecules like anandamide.

scholarly journals Should Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) be Used With Focus Groups? Navigating the Bumpy Road of “Iterative Loops,” Idiographic Journeys, and “Phenomenological Bridges”

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 160940692092160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Love ◽  
Arlene Vetere ◽  
Paul Davis
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Thematic Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Voice

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a qualitative thematic approach developed within psychology underpinned by an idiographic philosophy, thereby focusing on the subjective lived experiences of individuals. However, it has been used in focus groups of which some have been critical because of the difficulties of extrapolating the individual voice which is more embedded within the group dynamics and the added complexity of multiple hermeneutics occurring. Some have adapted IPA for use with focus groups, while others provide scant regard to these philosophical tensions. This raises the question whether IPA should be used with focus group data. To address these concerns, this article will set out a step-by-step guide of how IPA was adapted for use with focus groups involving drug using offenders (including illustrative examples with participants’ quotes). A rationale of why it was important to use both focus groups and an IPA approach will be covered including the value, merits, and challenges this presented. An overview of how participants’ idiographic accounts of their drug use, relapse, and recovery were developed will be provided. This article will conclude with a suggested way forward to satisfy the theoretical tensions and address the question raised in the title.

scholarly journals The Localization of Activity Sources in a Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Brain Using the Joint Analysis of EEG / sMRI Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
E. Bykova ◽  
A. Savostyanov
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Despite the large number of existing methods of the diagnosis of the brain, brain remains the least studied part of the human body. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most popular methods of studying of brain activity due to its relative cheapness, harmless, and mobility of equipment. While analyzing the EEG data of the brain, the problem of solving of the inverse problem of electroencephalography, the localization of the sources of electrical activity of the brain, arises. This problem can be formulated as follows: according to the signals recorded on the surface of the head, it is necessary to determine the location of sources of these signals in the brain. The purpose of my research is to develop a software system for localization of brain activity sources based on the joint analysis of EEG and sMRI data. There are various approaches to solving of the inverse problem of EEG. To obtain the most exact results, some of them involve the use of data on the individual anatomy of the human head – structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI data). In this paper, one of these approaches is supposed to be used – Electromagnetic Spatiotemporal Independent Component Analysis (EMSICA) proposed by A. Tsai. The article describes the main stages of the system, such as preprocessing of the initial data; the calculation of the special matrix of the EMSICA approach, the values of which show the level of activity of a certain part of the brain; visualization of brain activity sources on its three-dimensional model.

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