Similarities and Differences between Performers and Observers in Processing Auditory Action Consequences: Evidence from Simultaneous EEG Acquisition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marta Ghio ◽  
Sophie Egan ◽  
Christian Bellebaum
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
External Source ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
Physically Identical ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Predictive Mechanisms

In our social environment, we easily distinguish stimuli caused by our own actions (e.g., water splashing when I fill my glass) from stimuli that have an external source (e.g., water splashing in a fountain). Accumulating evidence suggests that processing the auditory consequences of self-performed actions elicits N1 and P2 ERPs of reduced amplitude compared to physically identical but externally generated sounds, with such reductions being ascribed to neural predictive mechanisms. It is unexplored, however, whether the sensory processing of action outcomes is similarly modulated by action observation (e.g., water splashing when I observe you filling my glass). We tested 40 healthy participants by applying a methodological approach for the simultaneous EEG recording of two persons: An observer observed button presses executed by a performer in real time. For the performers, we replicated previous findings of a reduced N1 amplitude for self- versus externally generated sounds. This pattern differed significantly from the one in observers, whose N1 for sounds generated by observed button presses was not attenuated. In turn, the P2 amplitude was reduced for processing action- versus externally generated sounds for both performers and observers. These findings show that both action performance and observation affect the processing of action-generated sounds. There are, however, important differences between the two in the timing of the effects, probably related to differences in the predictability of the actions and thus also the associated stimuli. We discuss how these differences might contribute to recognizing the stimulus as caused by self versus others.

scholarly journals Mobility in community-dwelling older adults; what are its determinants?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebren Zijlstra ◽  
Eleftheria Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Specific Choice ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽  
Potential Mobility ◽  
Present Understanding

Abstract Background Based on a conceptual framework, Kuspinar and colleagues analysed life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults. However, a number of earlier mobility studies that used the same framework remained undiscussed. This correspondence article addresses similarities and differences between these studies, as well as highlight issues that need to be addressed to improve our understanding of mobility determinants in older adults. Findings Despite differences in methodological approach as well as in detailed results, the studies share one important outcome: regardless of the specific choice of potential mobility determinants, only a low to moderate proportion of mobility could be explained. Conclusions Our present understanding of the determinants of mobility in community-dwelling older adults is limited. A consistent terminology that takes into account the different aspects of mobility; the use of objective methods to assess real-life mobility; and monitoring changes in real-life mobility in response to interventions will contribute to furthering our understanding of mobility determinants.

scholarly journals Modulation of intracortical inhibition during physically performed and mentally simulated balance tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379-1388
Author(s):  
A. Mouthon ◽  
J. Ruffieux ◽  
W. Taube
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Postural Tasks ◽  
Execution Condition ◽  
The One ◽  
Postural Task

Abstract Purpose Action observation (AO) during motor imagery (MI), so-called AO + MI, has been proposed as a new form of non-physical training, but the neural mechanisms involved remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether there were similarities in the modulation of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during execution and mental simulation of postural tasks, and if there was a difference in modulation of SICI between AO + MI and AO alone. Method 21 young adults (mean ± SD = 24 ± 6.3 years) were asked to either passively observe (AO) or imagine while observing (AO + MI) or physically perform a stable and an unstable standing task, while motor evoked potentials and SICI were assessed in the soleus muscle. Result SICI results showed a modulation by condition (F2,40 = 6.42, p = 0.009) with less SICI in the execution condition compared to the AO + MI (p = 0.009) and AO (p = 0.002) condition. Moreover, switching from the stable to the unstable stance condition reduced significantly SICI (F1,20 = 8.34, p = 0.009) during both, physically performed (− 38.5%; p = 0.03) and mentally simulated balance (− 10%, p < 0.001, AO + MI and AO taken together). Conclusion The data demonstrate that SICI is reduced when switching from a stable to a more unstable standing task during both real task execution and mental simulation. Therefore, our results strengthen and further support the existence of similarities between executed and mentally simulated actions by showing that not only corticospinal excitability is similarly modulated but also SICI. This proposes that the activity of the inhibitory cortical network during mental simulation of balance tasks resembles the one during physical postural task execution.

A quantization of the electromagnetic field

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1183
Author(s):  
Anton Z. Capri ◽  
Gebhard Grübl ◽  
Randy Kobes
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Free Field ◽  
External Source ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Manifest Covariance ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Spaces

Quantization of the electromagnetic field in a class of covariant gauges is performed on a positive metric Hilbert space. Although losing manifest covariance, we find at the free field level the existence of two physical spaces where Poincaré transformations are implemented unitarily. This gives rise to two different physical interpretations of the theory. Unitarity of the S operator for an interaction with an external source then forces one to postulate that a restricted gauge invariance must hold. This singles out one interpretation, the one where two transverse photons are physical.

Man, Institutions and Bioeconomics

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-355
Author(s):  
Javier Alfonso Gil
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Social Technology ◽  
Activity System ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Political Market ◽  
System A ◽  
Biological Capacity ◽  
Growth Of Knowledge ◽  
The One

Because bioeconomics is born of the interaction between the biological activity system and its socio-economic activity system, a holistic methodological approach is essential to study the relations between them. However, it must search for increasing levels of reductionism within each discipline to delve into the ultimate nature of each one of the intervening forces, whether economic or biological. This paper explores the economic forces. Through the biological capacity to comprehend, man and by extension, society, accumulates knowledge, the fulcrum from which he is able to dominate over his natural habitat. From this ‘point d’appui’, man builds two basic tools to assist him in achieving the goal of bettering his social condition. On the one hand, he creates institutions that allow him to “live with others” and, on the other, he develops technology that helps him to “live better with others”. Institutions, also referred to as ‘social technology’, tend toward stability over time while technology or ‘material technology’, tends toward instability, which would suggest that, normally, the mechanics of change will originate in material technology and, from there, progress to social technology by way of the political market. The level of progress and development attained depends on the quantity and rate of growth of knowledge applied by a society. In the process, man and his collectivity are forced to adopt new views of their environment through new shared mental models. The concurrence of equipment and political market will ultimately become the prime mover of institutional and economic change as well as change in mentality. Both technologies must keep on an adaptive course of stable evolution since discrepancies arising between them can cause tension between the various social groups. Adequate management of technological shock is essential to avoid extreme situations of social conflict. Herein lie the most important political decisions that a government must confront over the long term.

scholarly journals Identificação de Unidades de Paisagem: metodologia aplicada a Portugal Continental

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Pinto Correia ◽  
António Cancela Abreu ◽  
Rosário Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Landscape Units ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF LANDSCAPE IN PORTUGAL –This paper presents the concepts and methodology used in the study «Identification and characterisation of landscape in continental Portugal» undertaken by theDepartment of Landscape and Biophysical Planning of the University of Evora for the General Directorate for Spatial Planning and Urban Development (DGOT-DU) at the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, between 1999 and 2001. On the one hand, the methodological approach developed is based on the methodologies used recently for the same purpose in different European countries and on the way landscape has been considered in various European documents in the last years. On the other hand, it is also based on the team’s concern to approach the landscape as an holistic entity, and to examine its various components: ecological, cultural, socio-economic and sensorial. The set aim has been to define landscape units and to characterize these units in relation to the present landscape and the recorded trends, related problems and possibilities. Thus, the cartography relative to selected variables has been combined and related to satellite images and field surveys. The results of cross-referencing all this information has than been combined with expert examination of landscape coherence and character within each unit. The assessment was completed after careful bibliographic research and consultation with regional experts. The result is a flexible approach that combines objective analysis with a more subjective assessment, which the team considered fundamental for a true understanding of landscape.

scholarly journals Grounded Theory: A Methodological Approach Congruent with Tourism Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-859
Author(s):  
Stela Cristina Hott Corrêa ◽  
◽  
Marlusa de Sevilha Gosling ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Substantive Theory ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Creation

Grounded Theory emerged as an appropriate research method for extracting from data concepts organized around basic categories that once integrated establish a substantive theory about the phenomenon. Internationally, Tourism researchers have been using Grounded Theory in their research, but in Brazil it has been scarcely used. Thus, this paper aims to present the foundations of Grounded Theory showing the similarities and differences between its three versions, and to point out how this methodology is used in Tourism research. This work is bibliographic making an integrative review of the theory. Grounded Theory has been shown to be appropriate for studying tourist experience, but its use may be expanded as it may be associated with other research methodologies such as ethnography, favoring the creation of substantive tourist theories or simply the appropriation of a theme in the early stages of the research.

scholarly journals Guardianship and Parental Connections: Connections and Departures in Jeremy Bentham’s Account

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E Cox
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Special Relations ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Personal Perspectives ◽  
The One

This article follows an earlier assessment of Bentham’s views on guardianship 1 that touched on but did not explore connections or departures between guardian-ward and parent-offspring relations, about which Bentham was not as precise as he might have been. Further, he added complexity to the issue by describing parents as occupying dual roles: guardians and ‘masters’ (employers) of their own offspring. These relations are now considered, on the one hand, in the wider context of ‘special relations’ and ‘duties’ and, on the other hand, alongside some appreciation of Bentham’s personal perspectives. However, the main object of the present article is to assess similarities and differences between parents and guardians in legal, status and functional terms. It uses the profile of guardian-ward relations provided by the previous article 2 as a benchmark. The article concludes by affirming that ‘being a parent’ and ‘being a guardian’ have quite different meanings.

scholarly journals TIESOS IR MENO KŪRINIO SANTYKIS: B. CROCE IR H. G. GADAMERIS

Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Vaiva Daraškevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Straipsnyje aptariamas tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis B. Croce’s ir H. G. Gadamerio filosofijoje. Lyginami Croce’s estetikos ir Gadamerio meno filosofijos principai, analizuojami panašumai ir skirtumai. Croce akcentuoja meno autonomiją ir subjektyvųjį intuityviojo pažinimo lygmenį, jo estetikoje per meno kūrinį patiriamas intuityvusis tiesos matmuo, tačiau esama ir universalumą suponuojančių meno patirties aspektų. Gadameris meno kūrinio supratimo analize siekia pagrįsti hermeneutikos universalumą – tiesa čia priešinama metodologijai ir suvokiama kaip supratimo įvykis. Straipsnyje grindžiama tezė, kad Croce’s estetikoje tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykis analogiškas Gadamerio hermeneutikoje aptariamam tiesos ir meno kūrinio santykiui.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: meno kūrinys, tiesa, intuityvusis pažinimas, ekspresija, hermeneutika.  The Relationship Between Truth and the Work of Art: B. Croce and H. G. GadamerVaiva Daraškevičiūtė SummaryThe article analyzes the relationship between truth and the work of art in Benedetto Croce’s aesthetics and Hans Georg Gadamer’s philosophy of art. It compares the main principles of art in their philosophies, showing their similarities and differences. The approaches of these two thinkers are compared by presenting their concepts of truth, the art work and art experience. Croce considers art as an autonomic, subjective cognition. Nevertheless, the universal dimension of art experience is especially important in his aesthetics as well. Gadamer, for his part, uses the reflection of the experience of the art work as the foundation of a hermeneutic universality. The truth in this case is described as contrasting with methodology and is taken to be an event of understanding. The article concludes that the relationship between truth and the art work which we find in Croce’s aesthetics is analogous to the one that lies in Gadamer’s philosophy of art.Keywords: Truth, Art work, Hermeneutics, Intuition, Experience.t: 115%;"> 

scholarly journals Learners Demographics Classification on MOOCs During the COVID-19: Author Profiling via Deep Learning Based on Semantic and Syntactic Representations

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahani Aljohani ◽  
Alexandra I. Cristea
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Directional Model ◽  
Textual Representations ◽  
The One

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have become universal learning resources, and the COVID-19 pandemic is rendering these platforms even more necessary. In this paper, we seek to improve Learner Profiling (LP), i.e. estimating the demographic characteristics of learners in MOOC platforms. We have focused on examining models which show promise elsewhere, but were never examined in the LP area (deep learning models) based on effective textual representations. As LP characteristics, we predict here the employment status of learners. We compare sequential and parallel ensemble deep learning architectures based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks, obtaining an average high accuracy of 96.3% for our best method. Next, we predict the gender of learners based on syntactic knowledge from the text. We compare different tree-structured Long-Short-Term Memory models (as state-of-the-art candidates) and provide our novel version of a Bi-directional composition function for existing architectures. In addition, we evaluate 18 different combinations of word-level encoding and sentence-level encoding functions. Based on these results, we show that our Bi-directional model outperforms all other models and the highest accuracy result among our models is the one based on the combination of FeedForward Neural Network and the Stack-augmented Parser-Interpreter Neural Network (82.60% prediction accuracy). We argue that our prediction models recommended for both demographics characteristics examined in this study can achieve high accuracy. This is additionally also the first time a sound methodological approach toward improving accuracy for learner demographics classification on MOOCs was proposed.

scholarly journals Similarities and differences in the methods used for investigation of corruption-related official crimes and crimes against the person difference for their disclosure are indicated.

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
В.В. Крюков ◽  
О.В. Шлегель
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One

В статье рассматриваются методики в расследовании уголовных дел, касающихся должностных преступлений коррупционной направленности и преступлений против личности, совершаемых по мотиву национальной ненависти или вражды. Выявлены и предлагаются к обсуждению как общие аспекты, способствующие раскрытию вышеуказанных категорий преступлений с одной стороны, так и особенности, связанные с их спецификой – с другой стороны. Также авторами предложены новые методологические особенности для раскрытия и расследования указанных категорий дел, помогающие предварительному следствию успешно справляться с поставленными задачами. The article discusses the methods of scientists in the investigation of criminal cases concerning official crimes of corruption and crimes against the person committed on the basis of national hatred or enmity. Scientists have identified common aspects that help in the disclosure of both categories of crimes on the one hand, and on the other hand, in accordance with their specifics, the features of the

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