Global and national tracks of mobility of graduates of educational institutions in Russia

Introduction. Involvement in global information flows, holding major international events in Russia, focusing on interaction with foreign universities and partners creates conditions for the formation of modern youth's focus on the global track of mobility – admission to educational organizations of foreign countries. At the same time, role and quality of education in Russia in the global market are increasing through the development of Russian education, internationalization and networking of universities. Such tendencies to increase mobility in education naturally require a study of the prevalence of the ideas of mobility in general and in certain areas among schoolchildren and university students. The aim of the study is to reveal the prevalence of the ideas of mobility (potential mobility), both within Russia and abroad, among graduates of educational institutions (at different levels). Materials and research methods. The study involved 1136 graduates of educational institutions in Ekaterinburg, of which 30% are graduates of secondary schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, 60% are graduates of bachelor's degrees from 4 universities, and 10% are graduates of master's degree from 3 universities. Research results. A study conducted in 2020–2021 indicated the following trends: the higher the level of education, the higher the value of the educational environment in the country of residence, the more broadly represented the national track of mobility (schoolchildren – 46%, bachelors – 51%, masters – 54%). Among the global market of educational services for all graduates of educational institutions in Russia, priority is given to Europe. Among bachelors, there are more of those who are confident that they can find the desired job in Russia (21%) than in another country. Master students are more confident in the possibilities of working in their specialty in Russia (36%). The older the graduate becomes, the more rational motives prevail in the track of mobility. Conclusion. The study of potential mobility allows us to conclude that the predominance of the national track of mobility is directly proportional to growing up, the older the respondent, the more rationally he approaches the choice of a further place of study and residence, taking into account the possibilities, both intellectual and financial. Thus, it becomes obvious why sufficiently high figures of potential mobility do not become as high indicators of real educational and labor emigrations.

Demand-Driven Optimization Method for Microtransit Services

Many shared mobility solutions have been developed over recent decades. In the case of mobile technological innovations, new solutions that are more flexible to user demands have emerged. These dynamic solutions allow users to be served by optimizing different aspects such as the detour to pick up a passenger or the waiting time for users. Such methods make it possible to satisfy requests quickly and to match as closely as possible user expectations. However, these approaches usually use fleets composed of numerous small-capacity vehicles to serve each user. By contrast, microtransit aims to serve a more massive demand than conventional shared mobility methods. Our study falls within this context. It aims to identify recurrent patterns of mobility and to verify the possibility of implementing microtransit lines to serve them. In other words, the proposed method identifies spatial and temporal areas where the implementation of a flexible transport line would meet a potential mobility demand. The recurrence of trips in these specific areas provides a guarantee of the reliability of the designed lines.

Management of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) through Application of Different Tactics: A Review

Bactrocera zonata is the most destructive pest in tropical and subtropical regions. In this region, it is the most devasting fly, due to its high reproductive potential, mobility, host range, and adaptability to climate. Those countries which are considered as fruit-producing countries lose their international markets due to the quarantine regulations which are imposed to avoid the invasion of a fruit fly. For the management of B. zonata, the use of chemical insecticides against fruit fly is in practice for several decades which originate from environmental imbalance, diseases in humans and animals and develop resistance. Different methods are alternatives to chemical control, grouped into cultural, physical, behavioral, genetic, and biological control. In this review, we summarize all the control measures which can be used singly or in the integrated form with other measures to control the B. zonata.

Forecasting the mobility parameters of the inhabitants of suburban areas

Potential mobility that meets the requirements of population displacement is determined following the biological and social needs, socio-economic characteristics, production necessity, and cultural needs. Because of the multifactor character and complexity of relationships, it is impossible to determine the potential mobility by a calculation method. The feasibility of different target movements, depending on their distance, is regarded by rural populations differently. Each rural settlement is located among many other rural and urban settlements with an individual quantitative and qualitative set of social, cultural, and industrial potential. With the developed road network and public transport system, the population selects the center of gravity with the limitations imposed by this transport system and is based on subjective considerations about the quality of service. The distribution of urban residents’ movements to the rural areas is affected by the size of the city, movement distance, movement purpose, i.e. the same factors as rural residents’ movement to cities. The difference is that the radius of urban residents’ movements distribution is much smaller. Thus, the zone of intensive and regular movements in the working day cycle covers only nearest to cities rural area with a radius of 15 km. On weekends, due to guest visits and holiday trips, the radius of this zone extends approximately 1,5-2 times. Based on the links distribution, the scatter band of the initial and final points of movement can be obtained. Since the density of scattering varies with respect to settlements, then we can allocate the territorial units that will make service zone on their sets. Research results can be an integral part of comprehensive studies of determining the transport links density, hubs of passenger flows’ origin, and suppression to construct mathematical models of the most efficient passenger transport system operation.

Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Forest Soil Near Road Traffic in Hafir, Algeria

Background. Different fractions of metals, of varying origin and reactivity, are present in sediments of forest soil. Forest ecosystems are privileged sites for the deposition of persistent organic pollutants carried by the atmosphere. Objectives. The present study describes the current state of metallic contamination around the Hafir forest, located southwest of Tlemcen, Algeria, based on analysis of total sediment mineralization and the speciation of each metal to examine the effects of emissions due to road traffic. Methods. The distribution and migration of ten heavy metals were studied, including cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and silver (Ag), and four major elements: potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) in the superficial horizon of forest soil (0–20 cm) at different road distances (0–1700 m), in two sampling campaigns in the dry and wet seasons around the Hafir forest, Algeria. Results. Bioavailability appears to be relatively low due to the small amount of metals present in the carbonate fraction and the alkaline pH. The impact of road traffic was observed in the variability of the concentrations of several trace elements in forest soil, such as Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd. They were generally observed at very high levels along the roadside due to dry atmospheric deposition. Conclusions. The high levels of metals in the carbonate, reducible and residual phases indicate a direct influence on the environment stemming from road traffic near the forest as well as contamination from rainfall in the area. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Distribution, behavior, and erosion of uranium in vineyard soils

Phosphate fertilization contributes to an input of uranium (U) in agricultural soils. Although its accumulation and fate in agricultural soils have been previously studied, its colloidal transport and accumulation along slopes through erosion have been studied to a lesser extent in viticulture soils. To bridge this gap, the contents and potential mobility of U were investigated in vineyard model soils in the Rhineland-Palatinate region, Germany. In addition to elevated U contents, U was expected to associate with colloids and subject to erosion, thus accumulating on slope foots and in soils with fine structure, and reflecting a greater variability. Moreover, another expectation was the favorable erosion/mobility of U in areas with greater carbonate content. This was tested in three regional locations, at different slope positions and through soil horizon depths, with a total of 57 soil samples. The results show that U concentrations (0.48–1.26 ppm) were slightly higher than proximal non-agricultural soils (0.50 ppm), quite homogenous along slope positions, and slightly higher in topsoils. Assuming a homogeneous fertilization, the vertical translocation of U in soil was most probably higher than along the slope by erosion. In addition, carbonate content and soil texture correlated with U concentrations, whereas other parameters such as organic carbon and iron contents did not. The central role of carbonate and soil texture for the prediction of U content was confirmed using decision trees and elastic net, although their limited prediction power suggests that a larger sample size with a larger range of U content is required to improve the accuracy. Overall, we did not observe neither U nor colloids accumulating on slope foots, thus suggesting that soils are aggregate-stable. Lastly, we suggested considering further soil parameters (e.g., Ca2+, phosphorus, alkali metals) in future works to improve our modelling approach. Overall, our results suggest U is fortunately immobile in the studied locations.

Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of some Metals of Selected Farmland in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria

The contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals is of concern because if the soil is contaminated, the metals can be transferred to food crops. The availability of these metals to food crops depends on the forms in which they are present in the soils. In this study, sequential extraction technique was applied to assess the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide bound, organic bound and residual fractions in the topsoil of farmlands in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. Proportions in non-residual soil phases were 82.6 % Cd, 48.6 % Co, 72.5 % Cu, 73.2 % Ni, 41.9 % Pb, and 84.3 % Zn. Lead (Pb) and cobalt (Co) showed the highest phase of 58.1% and 51.4 %, respectively in the residual phase. The low concentration of lead in the non-residual fraction (41.9 %) and the highly mobileexchangeable phase and pH sensitive carbonate phase is an indication that there is no increase in anthropogenic input of Pb into the environment. Cadmium, zinc and nickel are most abundant in exchangeable fraction and this can be of concern especially cadmium. Keywords: Heavy metals, Metal speciation, Farmlands, Food crops, Metal uptake

Mobility in community-dwelling older adults; what are its determinants?

Background Based on a conceptual framework, Kuspinar and colleagues analysed life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults. However, a number of earlier mobility studies that used the same framework remained undiscussed. This correspondence article addresses similarities and differences between these studies, as well as highlight issues that need to be addressed to improve our understanding of mobility determinants in older adults. Findings Despite differences in methodological approach as well as in detailed results, the studies share one important outcome: regardless of the specific choice of potential mobility determinants, only a low to moderate proportion of mobility could be explained. Conclusions Our present understanding of the determinants of mobility in community-dwelling older adults is limited. A consistent terminology that takes into account the different aspects of mobility; the use of objective methods to assess real-life mobility; and monitoring changes in real-life mobility in response to interventions will contribute to furthering our understanding of mobility determinants.

Potassium Mobility Potential of Forest Soil In Kurdistan Region, Iraq, As Estimated By Quantity- Intensity (Q/I) Relationships

This study aimed to assess potassium(K) 's potential mobility for some soils located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Five soil samples were collected from a depth of (0-30) cm. For each sample, 5g of soil was equilibrated with 50 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2, amended with different K concentrations, and incubated for 24 h at 298 Kelvin. The supernatant was filtered, and K, Ca, and Mg were determined. Potassium exchange equilibrium was calculated from quantity-intensity (Q/I) isotherms. Mean AReK values for all studied soils ranged between 2.4x10-3 to 3.6x10-3(mol L-1)1/2, which reveals that K was preferentially held at inner potions. The amount of labile K(KL) ranged from 0.479 to 1.191cmolc kg-1 in studied soils. The highest value of KL was in Kanypanka while the lowest value was in Goizha. The potential buffering capacity (PBCK) was between 619.56 and 857.37 cmolc kg-1(mol L-1) -1/2. All studied soils were characterized by low percent K saturation and a high ability to replenish K concentration in the soil solution. Gapon selectivity coefficient was relatively high and ranged from 5.64 to 7.88 L mol-1. Higher values of KL indicate a greater K release into the soil solution. Such a high affinity of K to the solid soil phase was attributed to both the elevated organic matter content in these soils and their strong buffering capacities.