The Status of Official Development Assistance for Biodiversity provided by the Republic of Korea

In the past several years, the Republic of Korea—a former least developed country (LDC) and aid recipient that became a donor—joined the “club of emerging donors” to Africa. In March 2006, President Roh Moohyun declared Korea's Initiative for Africa's Development. The initiative puts poverty reduction and socioeconomic development of African countries in the forefront. Using pooled cross-sectional time series data, in this study we examine the determinants of Korean bilateral official development assistance (ODA) to Africa for the period 1991–2011. The findings of the study suggest that the approach of Korean ODA does not differ significantly from that of many conventional donors whose ODA disbursement has had a dual purpose: to improve the welfare of developing countries and to serve self-interests.

Download Full-text

THE LEGAL STATUS OF A LAWYER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: COMPARATIVE-LEGAL ANALYSIS

RUDN JOURNAL OF LAW ◽

10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-2-353-388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 353-388

Author(s):

Denis A. Dobryakov

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Legal Status ◽

A Priori ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Legal Analysis ◽

Legal Advice ◽

The Status ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Republic

Corporations of attorneys-at-law (in Russian this term is a synonym to advocate and similar to lawyer; it means a legal professional who passed qualification exam and obtained special status of a lawyer) in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea passed complicated historical way and now have many common and even universal features, though circumstances of their forming were completely different. In both Russia and Korea lawyers are members of one of the most significant civil society institutions, which protect rights of their citizens, seeking legal advice or receiving such advice by other means (for example, when a lawyer was designated by investigator in the Russian Federation). Attorneys-at-law face challenges in their qualification and practical experience. Candidates for the status must pass a special test (the qualification exam), but there are some exceptions. One of the important differences is Korean law on the bar and lawyer activities regulated by the Russian legislation. If in Russia every candidate for lawyer's status must pass qualification exam without any exceptions in terms of experience and previous employment, in the Republic of Korea former prosecutors and judges have privileged position and are exempted from the examination as appropriate level of their qualification is presumed. At the same time, in the Russian Federation a candidate for lawyer's status is a priori jurist what means that he must have higher education in the field of law, while in the Republic of Korea access to the attorneys corporation in open to everyone regardless of the level and profile of education. However, non-jurist candidates must pass a bar exam. This article provides a comparativelegal analysis of the development and modern regulation of the legal status of a lawyer in the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, examines both the differences of the legislation of the named countries, as well as common features. Besides this study is one of the first in the Russian legal science with reference to the Korean bar.

Download Full-text

Do Your Kids Get What You Paid for? Evaluation of Commercially Available Probiotic Products Intended for Children in the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Korea

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091229 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1229

Author(s):

Clarizza May Dioso ◽

Pierangeli Vital ◽

Karina Arellano ◽

Haryung Park ◽

Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

The Philippines ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Status ◽

Strict Regulation ◽

The Republic ◽

Commercial Distribution

A wide range of probiotic products is available on the market and can be easily purchased over the counter and unlike pharmaceutical drugs, their commercial distribution is not strictly regulated. In this study, ten probiotic preparations commercially available for children’s consumption in the Republic of the Philippines (PH) and the Republic of Korea (SK) have been investigated. The analyses included determination of viable counts and taxonomic identification of the bacterial species present in each formulation. The status of each product was assessed by comparing the results with information and claims provided on the label. In addition to their molecular identification, safety assessment of the isolated strains was conducted by testing for hemolysis, biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance. One out of the ten products contained lower viable numbers of recovered microorganisms than claimed on the label. Enterococcus strains, although not mentioned on the label, were isolated from four products. Some of these isolates produced biogenic amines and were resistant to one or several antibiotics. Metagenomic analyses of two products revealed that one product did not contain most of the microorganisms declared in its specification. The study demonstrated that some commercial probiotic products for children did not match their label claims. Infants and young children belong to the most vulnerable members of society, and food supplements including probiotics destined for this consumer group require careful checking and strict regulation before commercial distribution.

Download Full-text