Holism in a European Cultural Context: Differences in Cognitive Style between Central and East Europeans and Westerners

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Varnum ◽  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Daniela Katunar ◽  
Richard Nisbett ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
East Asians ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Holistic Cognition

AbstractCentral and East Europeans have a great deal in common, both historically and culturally, with West Europeans and North Americans, but tend to be more interdependent. Interdependence has been shown to be linked to holistic cognition. East Asians are more interdependent than Americans and are more holistic. If interdependence causes holism, we would expect Central and East Europeans to be more holistic than West Europeans and North Americans. In two studies we found evidence that Central and East Europeans are indeed more holistic than Westerners on three tasks, one of which examined categorization and two of which measured patterns of visual attention. These studies support the argument that cross-cultural differences in cognition are due to society level differences in independence/interdependence.

Risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescents from European countries with different suicidal rates: The possible role of cross-cultural differences

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1613-1613
Author(s):  
N. Sedlar ◽  
L. Sprah ◽  
S. Rosker ◽  
H. Jericek Klanscek ◽  
M. Dernovsek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Health Related

IntroductionAdolescence is a time of developmental shifts that may leave young people especially vulnerable to suicidal behaviour. Suicidal rates in different European countries differ, which may be due to many factors, including cross-cultural differences.AimsWe aimed to explore differences in risk factors for suicidal behaviour (poor subjective health and low life satisfaction, health-related behaviours, including alcohol drinking habits, family and peer factors) between European countries with different suicidal rates.MethodsThe data were collected through questionnaires in the survey ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’, 2005/2006, using nationally representative samples of 15 year old students (N = 11,093) from 7 countries (Lithuania, Finland, Ireland, Slovenia, Norway, Italy, Greece).ResultsPrincipal component analyses were used to characterize how selected risk factors for suicide cluster together into factors. Differences for these factors were compared between 3 groups of countries: countries with low, average and high magnitude of suicidal rates (SDR; suicide death rate per 100 000, 15–29 years). Between group differences on first two factors, loaded by items measuring health-related behaviours, were significant and medium-sized and indicated cultural differences in alcohol use. Youth from Northern European countries - with high SDR, reported greater number of drunkenness occasions, whereas frequency of alcohol intake was greater for youth from Southern European countries - with low SDR.ConclusionsResults indicated a possible association of suicidal behaviour and different drinking cultures, arising from different geographical locations and socio-cultural environments. Therefore research and preventive measures should consider specific socio-cultural context.

scholarly journals NO CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE GETTIER CAR CASE INTUITION: A REPLICATION STUDY OF WEINBERG ET AL. 2001

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsun Kim ◽  
Yuan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

AbstractIn “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions” (NEI), Weinberg, Nichols and Stich famously argue from empirical data that East Asians and Westerners have different intuitions about Gettier-style cases. We attempted to replicate their study about the Gettier Car Case. Our study used the same methods and case taken verbatim, but sampled an East Asian population 2.5 times greater than NEI's 23 participants. We found no evidence supporting the existence of cross-cultural difference about the intuition concerning the case. Taken together with the failures of both of the existing replication studies (Nagel et al. 2013; Seyedsayamdost 2014), our data provide strong evidence that the purported cross-cultural difference in intuitions about Gettier-style cases does not exist.

Cultural Differences in People’s Responses to Accidents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Ji ◽  
Sieun An
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Different Cultures

The aim of the current study was to understand how people from different cultures react to accidents collectively. Findings showed that South Koreans reported stronger emotions, greater self-blame, higher perceived control, and higher perceived responsibility than Canadians. Furthermore, stronger emotional response and perceived control might have led Koreans to perceive stronger responsibility (than Canadians) for the accidents. Traditionally, it has been believed that East Asians have a diminished sense of control over life events compared to Westerners. The present findings are therefore intriguing. This aids our understanding of cross-cultural differences in experiences of loss and trauma.

Religious Schema within a Muslim Ideological Surround

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Ghorbani ◽  
P. J. Watson ◽  
Mahmood Amirbeigi ◽  
Zhuo Job Chen
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The West ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

With Religious Schema Scales in the West, Truth of Texts and Teachings correlates negatively with the commitment to interreligious dialogue recorded by Xenosophia. This measure of fundamentalism also predicts problematic religious and psychosocial functioning. The present project examined Religious Schema Scales in university students and Islamic seminarians in the Muslim cultural context of Iran. Truth of Texts and Teachings correlated positively rather than negatively with Xenosophia and predicted religious and psychological adjustment. The adaptive implications of Truth of Texts and Teachings were especially evident in Islamic seminarians. These results supplemented previous Religious Schema data from India and Malaysia in suggesting that fundamentalism may have more positive implications outside the West. Cross-cultural differences in fundamentalism more generally support arguments of an Ideological Surround Model that the incommensurability of religious and other social rationalities requires careful research attention.

scholarly journals Culture and personality revisited: Behavioral profiles and within-person stability in interdependent (vs. independent) social orientation and holistic (vs. analytic) cognitive style

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkyung Na ◽  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Michael E. W. Varnum ◽  
Mayumi Karasawa ◽  
Youngwon Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Behavioral Profiles ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytic Cognitive Style ◽  
The Stability

We test the proposition that both social orientation and cognitive style are constructs consisting of loosely related attributes. Thus, measures of each construct should weakly correlate among themselves, forming intra-individually stable profiles across measures over time. Study 1 tested diverse samples of Americans (N = 233) and Japanese (N = 433) with a wide range of measures of social orientation and cognitive style to explore correlations among these measures in a cross-cultural context, using demographically heterogeneous samples. Study 2 recruited a new sample of 485 Americans and Canadians and examined their profiles on measures of social orientation and cognitive style twice, one month apart, to assess the stability of individual profiles using these variables. Despite finding typical cross-cultural differences, Study 1 demonstrated negligible correlations both among measures of social orientation and among measures of cognitive style. Study 2 demonstrated stable intra-individual behavioral profiles across measures capturing idiosyncratic patters of social orientation and cognitive style, despite negligible correlations among the same measures. The results provide support for the behavioral profile approach to conceptualizing social orientation and cognitive style, highlighting the need to assess intra-individual stability of psychological constructs in cross-cultural research.

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