scholarly journals MICROGEOGRAPHIC SONG DIALECTS IN THE ORANGE-TUFTED SUNBIRD (NECTARINIA OSEA)

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (12) ◽  
pp. 1613-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Leader ◽  
Yoram Yom-Tov ◽  
Jonathan Wright
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Sharp Boundary ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Song Dialects ◽  
Occupied Territories

AbstractIn a study of male song in the orange-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia osea) in an urban neighborhood in Ramat-Aviv, Israel, we discovered the occurrence of song variation on a microgeographic scale in the form of two distinct dialects with a sharp boundary between them. The main distinction between the two song dialects is the frequency of the trill, which comprises the terminal part of the song. A large difference of 2-3 kHz in the peak frequency of the trill was discovered between the two dialects, which could be easily distinguished by ear. Thirtyseven males were recorded singing the 'low' dialect and 21 birds sang the 'high' dialect. Four other birds sang both dialects or 'hybrid' songs. Along the boundary that separated the two dialect populations, neighboring birds sang different dialect songs, although they were only 20-30 meters apart. All four 'bilingual' birds occupied territories near the dialect boundary. The historical processes leading to the formation of this dialect system may result from the pattern of human settlement at the time of the establishment of this neighborhood in the early 1950's. The spatial distribution of the two sunbird dialect populations, and the apparent low dispersal rates of birds from their natal dialect area, suggest the existence of a mechanism, which currently maintains these dialects at the current boundaries.

Spatial Distribution of Carrier Concentration in 4H-SiС Crystal Grown by Solution Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Jiang Wang ◽  
Takahiko Kawaguchi ◽  
Kenta Murayama ◽  
Kenta Aoyagi ◽  
S. Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Carrier Concentration ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Doping Concentration ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Longitudinal Optical ◽  
Longitudinal Optical Phonon ◽  
View Point

We investigated the spatial distribution of carrier concentration in n-type 4H-SiC grown by the solution method from the peak frequency of the longitudinal optical phonon-plasmon coupled (LOPC) mode of the Raman spectra on the surface. The carrier concentration at the position of the smooth terrace was higher than the carrier concentration at the position where the macrosteps were formed. This indicates the nitrogen incorporation efficiently occurs on the smooth surface where the density of macrosteps is relatively low. The different incorporation of nitrogen depending on the surface morphology can be understood from the view point of the adsorption time of impurity on the terrace. The present result implies that the uniform surface morphology is necessary to achieve uniform doping concentration in SiC crystal.

Microgeographic Variation in Songs of Splendid Sunbirds Nectarinia Coccinigaster : Population Phenetics, Habitats, and Song Dialects

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 282-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payne R.B.
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Song Dialects ◽  
Coexisting Species ◽  
Microgeographic Variation

Songs of Splendid Sunbirds at Cape Coast University, Ghana, were recorded and the audiospectrograms analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques. Neighboring birds usually had similar but nonidentical songs. Groups and subgroups of neighbors occurred at distances up to 7 km. Several birds had songs intermediate in structure between those of the main groups, and a few had songs unlike their neighbors. Song differences measured by phenetic distances are significantly correlated with microgeographic distances between the birds, at distances up to 1-2 km. The variation in song is described in terms of dialects and in terms of behavioral variation with microgeographic distance. The dialect areas were less than 1 km2 and involved from 5 (probably an underestimate) to 14 individual males. The local microgeographic scale of song variation agrees with that reported for other populations in Ghana, but variation in space is not as grouped into discrete dialects as described by GRIMES (1974). Birds with similar songs did not consistently occur in similar habitats, except when the birds were neighbors in a common patch of habitat. No song differences were associated with the presence of different coexisting species of sunbirds. Birds at distances of 10 to 400 km were little more divergent in song than birds within the 4 km2 area of the main study site. No geographic trends in song were found along more than 100 km of the coastal plain of Ghana, and no consistent differences were found between coastal and inland populations. Similarities among the songs of neighboring birds, differences between neighborhoods, and the uniform size of the song "dialects" are tentatively explained in terms of social adaptation rather than habitat adaptation.

scholarly journals Adaptability Evaluation of Human Settlements in Chengdu Based on 3S Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wende Chen ◽  
kun zhu ◽  
QUN WU ◽  
Yankun CAI ◽  
Yutian LU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Residential Environment ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Correlation Degree

Abstract Taking Chengdu as the research object, the natural eco-environmental factors such as topography, climate, vegetation, land use and vegetation cover were selected, together with human disturbance factors such as traffic and GDP, and the index weights were calculated by AHP. Based on 3S technology, projection transformation, remote sensing interpretation, information extraction and analysis are carried out, and evaluation model of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability is constructed, which reflects the zoning and spatial distribution characteristics of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability. The results show that: 1) The adaptability index of Chengdu's human settlement environment is between 15.98 and 76.75, and the suitability of human settlement environment is gradually decreasing from the middle to the east and west of Chengdu, and most areas are restricted by human production activities and natural conditions. 2) According to the actual situation, the suitability index can be divided into High-grade suitable areas (284.36 km2, 2.01%), relatively High-grade suitable areas (1802.13 km2, 12.71%), moderately suitable areas (3721.49 km2, 26.24%) and low suitable areas (3731.49 km2, 26.31%). 3) The correlation degree between the spatial distribution of Chengdu population and each index factor is as follows: per capita GDP> topographic relief > temperature and humidity > vegetation coverage > traffic network density > land use > hydrological factors. 4) There is a good correlation between Chengdu human settlements suitability index and the current population density grid layer, and its correlation coefficient is 0.7326. 5) The leading impact indicators of human settlements in different regions are different. The results show that the natural environment conditions in Chengdu are superior and the ecological environment quality is relatively stable, but the human settlement suitability index in the southeast and Longmenshan areas of Chengdu is relatively low. Therefore, in the future development planning of Chengdu, it is necessary to combine the actual environmental conditions and resource carrying capacity, and rationally carry out urban optimization and beautiful countryside construction.

scholarly journals China National Flash Flood Disasters Investigation and Assessment

10.29007/7zjd ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Zhang ◽  
Liang Guo ◽  
Ronghua Liu ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Qiuling Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
Flood Disasters

National Flash Flood Disasters Investigation and Assessment project is the largest non-engineering projects in water conservancy industry in China, and also the largest scale of general census on disasters’ background in flood management and mitigation fields. Through general census, on-site investigation, field measurement, hydrological analysis and calculation, the spatial distribution, human settlement, underground situations, social and economic impacts, hazard zoning, warning indicators of flash flood disasters were collected, the storm flood characters in mountainous areas were analyzed, the flood control ability of selected villages were assessed, the critical rainfall index of these villages were obtained, and the hazard zones were finally identified, all of which provided a strong information support for flash flood early-warning and forecast and residential safety transfer. This paper systematically introduced the key technical focuses, made a general review on the data and information collected, and discussed the spatial distribution pattern of these elements. Based on these survey data, the characteristics of flash flood disaster prevention areas, the human settlement features and storm flood spatial distribution situation were further analyzed. In the end of this paper, future application and analysis on diversified utilization of national flash flood disasters investigation and assessment results were proposed.

scholarly journals Principles and Applications of the Global Human Settlement Layer as Baseline for the Land Use Efficiency Indicator—SDG 11.3.1

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Melchiorri ◽  
Martino Pesaresi ◽  
Aneta Florczyk ◽  
Christina Corbane ◽  
Thomas Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Land Use Efficiency ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Use Efficiency

The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) produces new global spatial information, evidence-based analytics describing the human presence on the planet that is based mainly on two quantitative factors: (i) the spatial distribution (density) of built-up structures and (ii) the spatial distribution (density) of resident people. Both of the factors are observed in the long-term temporal domain and per unit area, in order to support the analysis of the trends and indicators for monitoring the implementation of the 2030 Development Agenda and the related thematic agreements. The GHSL uses various input data, including global, multi-temporal archives of high-resolution satellite imagery, census data, and volunteered geographic information. In this paper, we present a global estimate for the Land Use Efficiency (LUE) indicator—SDG 11.3.1, for circa 10,000 urban centers, calculating the ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate between 1990 and 2015. In addition, we analyze the characteristics of the GHSL information to demonstrate how the original frameworks of data (gridded GHSL data) and tools (GHSL tools suite), developed from Earth Observation and integrated with census information, could support Sustainable Development Goals monitoring. In particular, we demonstrate the potential of gridded, open and free, local yet globally consistent, multi-temporal data in filling the data gap for Sustainable Development Goal 11. The results of our research demonstrate that there is potential to raise SDG 11.3.1 from a Tier II classification (manifesting unavailability of data) to a Tier I, as GHSL provides a global baseline for the essential variables called by the SDG 11.3.1 metadata.

scholarly journals An Improved Method of Determining Human Population Distribution Based on Luojia 1-01 Nighttime Light Imagery and Road Network Data—A Case Study of the City of Shenzhen

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhou ◽  
Yuanmao Zheng ◽  
Jinyuan Shao ◽  
Yinglun Lin ◽  
Haowei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Nighttime Light ◽  
The City

Previously published studies on population distribution were based on the provincial level, while the number of urban-level studies is more limited. In addition, the rough spatial resolution of traditional nighttime light (NTL) data has limited their fine application in current small-scale population distribution research. For the purpose of studying the spatial distribution of populations at the urban scale, we proposed a new index (i.e., the road network adjusted human settlement index, RNAHSI) by integrating Luojia 1-01 (LJ 1-01) NTL data, the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and road network density (RND) data based on population density relationships to depict the spatial distribution of urban human settlements. The RNAHSI updated the high-resolution NTL data and combined the RND data on the basis of human settlement index (HSI) data to refine the spatial pattern of urban population distribution. The results indicated that the mean relative error (MRE) between the population estimation data based on the RNAHSI and the demographic data was 34.80%, which was lower than that in the HSI and WorldPop dataset. This index is suitable primarily for the study of urban population distribution, as the RNAHSI can clearly highlight human activities in areas with dense urban road networks and can refine the spatial heterogeneity of impervious areas. In addition, we also drew a population density map of the city of Shenzhen with a 100 m spatial resolution for 2018 based on the RNAHSI, which has great reference significance for urban management and urban resource allocation.

scholarly journals The anurans and squamates assemblage from Final Natufian Eynan (Ain Mallaha, Israel) with an emphasis on snake-human interactions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247283
Author(s):  
Rebecca Biton ◽  
Salvador Bailon ◽  
Michal Birkenfeld ◽  
Anne Bridault ◽  
Hamoudi Khalaily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Hula Valley ◽  
Whip Snake

During the Natufian period, more than 12,000 years ago, Eynan (Ain Mallaha) was an important human settlement in the Hula Valley, Israel. This study concentrates on the anuran and squamate assemblage from the ultimate stage of the Natufian period at the site, the Final Natufian. Over five thousand bones assigned to at least sixteen taxa were studied from a sampled segment of the excavated open-air site. Relative species abundance, spatial distribution, taphonomic observations and ecological considerations all pointed to the conclusion that the inhabitants of Eynan intensively exploited three large “colubrine” snakes species: the Large Whip Snake (Dolichophis jugularis), the Eastern Montpellier Snake (Malpolon insignitus) and an Eastern Four-lined Ratsnake (Elaphe cf. sauromates). These snakes were the most desired and were intensively gathered, while other snakes and lizards could have been opportunistically collected when encountered. We raise questions about whether the large “colubrines” exploitation should be interpreted as additional evidence of increasing diet breadth. We suggest challenging this line of reasoning and offer possible alternative motives.

Microgeographic song variation in island populations of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nutalli): innovation through recombination

Behaviour ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. 947-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Bell ◽  
Hans Slabbekoorn ◽  
Andrea Jesse
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractCurrent geographic variation in bird song dialects may be used to infer historical processes involved in dialect formation. Discrete island populations, separated by water or unsuitable habitat, may be particularly useful as they allow for unequivocal subdivision of populations. We analyzed song recordings of nine populations of the white-crowned sparrow within the San Francisco Bay area, both on 'true' islands separated by water and in habitat islands along the Bay shore. We found one or two unique songtypes in each population with little variation within songtypes among individuals. Differences in songtypes concerned variation in syntax, syllable shapes, and spectral and temporal features. While each songtype exhibited unique features, there were often parts of the song that showed high similarity with songtypes of neighboring populations. We think that successfully dispersing males may learn from multiple tutors and produce songtype hybrids which could explain the variation in songtypes among populations. We found rare acoustic features on the 'true' islands, but also an apparent lack of impact by water barriers on the relationship between song similarity and geographic distance. A possible explanation may be that male dispersal, or just spread of song characteristics, is predominantly from island to mainland. Such a unidirectional pattern could result in rare song characteristics on islands, while general acoustic characteristics are still shared with the nearest mainland populations. Variation in similarity-based clustering of songtypes suggested that new songtypes emerge through recombination of components from existing songtypes.

Song variation and the structure of local song dialects in the polygynandrous Smith's Longspur

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1587-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
James V Briskie
Keyword(s):  
Local Area ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Minimum Frequency ◽  
Song Structure ◽  
Song Variation ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Song Dialects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Human Ear

I examined song structure in five populations (or neighbourhoods) of the polygynandrous Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus) near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, from 1988 to 1994. All after-second-year (ASY) males sang only a single song type. This song type did not vary within ASY males over the season or from year to year and it was nearly identical among all ASY males within a neighbourhood. However, the song type of ASY males differed significantly from one neighbourhood to the next in the number of elements, total length (s), and minimum frequency (kHz). Neighbourhood dialects were readily distinguishable by the human ear and, except in one case, persisted over the duration of the study. In contrast to the uniformity of ASY male song within a neighbourhood, the song of second-year (SY) males did not match the local dialect. Only when SY males returned for a second year did their song and the neighbourhood dialect of ASY males converge. There were no differences in song structure that could be related to the complex mating system of this species. The function of neighbourhood dialects is not clear, but they may be used by both males and females as a signal of affiliation and experience with the local area.

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