COPING IN FEMALE MICE FROM LINES BIDIRECTIONALLY SELECTED FOR MALE AGGRESSION

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 997-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field Test ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Maternal Aggression ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Territorial Aggression ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
Male House ◽  
Behavioural Strategies ◽  
Unfamiliar Object

AbstractIn male house mice, differences have been reported in behavioural strategies to cope with challenges. These differences are related to a differentiation in territorial aggression. In the present study it was investigated whether consistent differences exist in response to challenges among female mice. For this purpose, females from lines selected for male s hort and l ong a ttack l atency in a resident-intruder paradigm were used. SAL females were significantly and consistently more prone to engage a non-social challenge than LAL females, both during development as in adulthood. This was measured in an unfamiliar object test and an open field test. To assess the response of females to social challenges, SAL and LAL dams were confronted with an intruder at regular intervals during the lactation period. SAL as well as LAL dams showed very short attack latencies and there were no differences between SAL and LAL mice. It is suggested that the pup protection function of maternal aggression does not allow the development of significant variation in maternal aggression. This infers that maternal aggression is not a suited parameter to assess the response of female mice to a social challenge.

scholarly journals Hormonal anticipation of territorial challenges in cichlid fish

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (37) ◽  
pp. 15985-15989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel A. Antunes ◽  
Rui F. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Test Trial ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
Aggressive Motivation ◽  
Androgen Levels

In many territorial species androgens respond to social interactions. This response has been interpreted as a mechanism for adjusting aggressive motivation to a changing social environment. Therefore, it would be adaptive to anticipate social challenges and reacting to their clues with an anticipatory androgen response to adjust agonistic motivation to an imminent social challenge. Here we test the hypothesis of an anticipatory androgen response to territorial intrusions using classical conditioning to establish an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS = light) and an unconditioned stimulus (US = intruder male) in male cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). During the training phase conditioned males (CS−US paired presentations) showed a higher decrease in latency for agonistic response toward the intruder than unconditioned males (CS–US unpaired presentations). In the test trial, conditioned males showed an increase in androgen levels (i.e., testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) relative to baseline, in response to the CS alone. This increase was similar to that of control males exposed to real intruders after CS, whereas unconditioned males showed a decrease in androgen levels in response to the CS. Furthermore, conditioned males were significantly more aggressive than unconditioned males during the post-CS period on test trial, even though the intruder male was not present during this period. These results reveal the occurrence of a conditioned androgen response that may give territorial males an advantage in mounting a defense to upcoming territorial intrusions, if the ability to readily elevate androgens does not co-vary with other traits that bear costs.

scholarly journals The Standards of Living of Pensioners in the Murmansk Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Elena Anatolyevna Korchak ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Skufyina
Keyword(s):  
Pension Reform ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Murmansk Region

Nowadays research on the development of concep-tual provisions governing the standard of living of pensioners is of particular importance. This actual-ization is due to an increase in the retirement age of the population, an increase in life expectancy, as well as a low level of material well-being of elderly citizens. The analysis of social challenges of the modern pension reform was the goal of this study, while the standard of living of pensioners in the Murmansk region is the subject of the study. A sta-tistical analysis of social phenomena and processes in the Murmansk region (demographic characteris-tics of the population, the situation in the sphere of employment and living standards of the population) was used as a methodological basis for the study. The main tendencies and trends in the field of de-mographic development, employment development, living standards and pensions in the Murmansk re-gion were identified in the course of the study. The conclusion of the study was the thesis that under the conditions of the new pension reform, a social challenge is the low standard of living of pension-ers, whose growth in the future will cause an expan-sion of the social localization of poverty.

scholarly journals How social challenges affect children’s regulation and assignment quality in hypermedia: a process mining study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-213
Author(s):  
Cindy Paans ◽  
Erdem Onan ◽  
Inge Molenaar ◽  
Ludo Verhoeven ◽  
Eliane Segers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Process Mining ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Sequential Analyses

Abstract The present study investigated the extent to which 18 dyads in 5th and 6th grade, who experienced low levels of social challenge, differed from 12 dyads who experience high levels of social challenge in terms of the quality of their written assignment, as well as the frequency and sequential pattern of their cognitive, metacognitive, relational, and off-task activities during a collaborative hypermedia assignment. Sequential analyses were performed by means of process mining with a fuzzy miner algorithm. Results showed that assignment quality was higher for low social challenge dyads. In addition, these more successful dyads showed more cognitive processing activities, more high-cognition, and fewer off-task activities. In terms of their process models, low and high challenge dyads showed marked differences. More specifically, high social challenge dyads showed a vicious cycle of social challenges and off-task behaviors, whereas low social challenge dyads engaged in high-cognition. In addition, for low challenge dyads, but not high challenge dyads, the various metacognitive activities were closely connected to each other. These findings indicate that social challenges not only affect assignment quality, but also fundamentally affect the overall learning process.

scholarly journals GPR30 activation decreases anxiety in the open field test but not in the elevated plus maze test in female mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Anchan ◽  
Sara Clark ◽  
Kevin Pollard ◽  
Nandini Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze

Resistance to high-fat diet in the female progeny of obese mice fed a control diet during the periconceptual, gestation, and lactation periods

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. E1095-E1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Gallou-Kabani ◽  
Alexandre Vigé ◽  
Marie-Sylvie Gross ◽  
Catherine Boileau ◽  
Jean-Pierre Rabes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Female Mice

With the worldwide epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the proportion of women that are overweight/obese and overfed during pregnancy has increased. The resulting abnormal uterine environment may have deleterious effects on fetal metabolic programming and lead to MetS in adulthood. A balanced/restricted diet and/or physical exercise often improve metabolic abnormalities in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). We investigated whether reducing fat intake during the periconceptual/gestation/lactation period in mothers with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity could be used to modify fetal/neonatal MetS programming positively, thereby preventing MetS. First generation (F1) C57BL/6J female mice with HFD-induced obesity and T2D were crossed with F1 males on control diet (CD). These F1 females were switched to a CD during the periconceptual/gestation/lactation period. At weaning, both male and female second generation (F2) mice were fed a HFD. Weight, caloric intake, lipid parameters, glucose, and insulin sensitivity were assessed. Sensitivity/resistance to the HFD differed significantly between generations and sexes. A similar proportion of the F1 and F2 males (80%) developed hyperphagia, obesity, and T2D. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of the F2 females (43%) than of the previous F1 generation (17%) were resistant ( P < 0.01). Despite having free access to the HFD, these female mice were no longer hyperphagic and remained lean, with normal insulin sensitivity and glycemia but mild hypercholesterolemia and glucose intolerance, thus displaying a “satiety phenotype.” This suggests that an appropriate dietary fatty acid profile and intake during the periconceptual/gestation/lactation period helps the female offspring to cope with deleterious intrauterine conditions.

Glyphosate-based herbicide exposure during pregnancy and lactation malprograms the male reproductive morphofunction in F1 offspring

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakeline Liara Teleken ◽  
Ellen Carolina Zawoski Gomes ◽  
Carine Marmentini ◽  
Milara Bruna Moi ◽  
Rosane Aparecida Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Testicular Descent ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractOne of the most consumed pesticides in the world is glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide ROUNDUP®. Studies demonstrate that glyphosate can act as an endocrine disruptor and that exposure to this substance at critical periods in the developmental period may program the fetus to induce reproductive damage in adulthood. Our hypothesis is that maternal exposure to glyphosate during pregnancy and lactation in mice will affect the development of male reproductive organs, impairing male fertility during adult life. Female mice consumed 0.5% glyphosate-ROUNDUP® in their drinking water [glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) group] or filtered water [control (CTRL) group] from the fourth day of pregnancy until the end of the lactation period. Male F1 offspring were designated, according to their mother’s treatment, as CTRL-F1 and GBH-F1. Female mice that drank glyphosate displayed reduced body weight (BW) gain during gestation, but no alterations in litter size. Although GBH male F1 offspring did not exhibit modifications in BW, they demonstrated delayed testicular descent. Furthermore, at PND150, GBH-F1 mice presented a lower number of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis and reduced epithelial height of the seminiferous epithelium. Notably, intratesticular testosterone concentrations were enhanced in GBH-F1 mice; we show that it is an effect associated with increased plasma and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone. Therefore, data indicate that maternal exposure to glyphosate-ROUNDUP® during pregnancy and lactation may lead to decreased spermatogenesis and disruptions in hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular axis regulation in F1 offspring.

scholarly journals Effect of Maternal Administration of Edible Bird’s Nest on the Learning and Memory Abilities of Suckling Offspring in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Xie ◽  
Hongliang Zeng ◽  
Zhiji Huang ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Qunyan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Edible Bird’S Nest ◽  
Maternal Administration ◽  
Learning Performances

Although human brains continue developing throughout the underage developmental stages, the infancy period is considered the most important one for the whole life. It has been reported that sialic acid from edible bird’s nest (EBN) can facilitate the development of brain and intelligence. In this study, by oral administration of EBN to female mice during the pregnancy or lactation period, the effects of EBN on the levels of sialic acid in mouse milk were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the spatial learning performances of their offspring were assessed using the Morris water maze test. Additionally, cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in cubs nursed by the female mice given the EBN homogenate were examined, while BDNF immunohistochemical staining and neuron count in hippocampi were investigated as well. These results showed that administration with EBN in maternal mice during pregnancy or lactation period can improve the learning and memory functions in their offspring, possibly by increasing the activities of SOD and ChAT and, at the meantime, decreasing the levels of MDA and activities of AChE. Moreover, BDNF levels for CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions in hippocampi and the numbers of dyed neurons in CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions among the offspring were significantly enhanced due to the intake of EBN by the maternal mice. We concluded that maternal administration of EBN during the pregnancy and lactation periods can improve the spatial learning performances in the offspring.

HouseMate: A proposed national institution to build new homes and sell them cheap to any citizen who does not own a home

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Murray
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rental Markets ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Low Income Households

• In a world of unequal wealth and incomes, market provision of housing usually fails to provide quality housing options to young and low-income households. Like other necessary goods characterised by monopoly, like healthcare and pharmaceuticals, access to them via pricing creates inherent social challenges.• Historically, the social challenge of unequal access to housing was solved with public intervention to offer non-market housing at lower regulated price to first time buyers and renters.• The proposed HouseMate program is a 21st century housing supplier, copying the best features of Singapore’s successful housing system. • It will sell new homes to eligible Australian citizens at construction cost price, offering them a discounted mortgage, with purchasers able to pay deposit and repayments using their compulsory super contributions. • This new housing alternative will operate in parallel with the private purchase and rental markets. HouseMate owners will have all the rights and obligations of private homeowners, but with a mandatory occupancy period. • The design of HouseMate addresses all the key housing policy challenges in Australia, includingohigh deposit hurdles for first homebuyers,ouncertainty and high rents for low-income households,oyounger households tying up income in super when homeownership is a higher priority for retirement, oprice effects and inefficiencies of demand-only subsidy programs to homebuyers (like FHB grants) and renters (NRAS payments), and olimited innovation of design and construction in private housing markets.• If secure, low-cost housing via homeownership is a policy priority, there is no reason not to try the HouseMate program.

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