Stimulus Generalization and Responses To "Supernormal" Stimuli in the Unrewarded Pecking Behavior of Young Chicks

Behaviour ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard H. Hess ◽  
Elizabeth Bird Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Preference Hierarchy ◽  
Pointed Star ◽  
Young Chicks

Abstract1. Young chicks were tested daily from the age of one to nine days for unrewarded pecking preferences. 2. Those tested on stars differing in number of points pecked the most at stars having 3 or 9 points and showed a decreasing preference for intermediate stars with the 7-pointed star pecked at the least. Preference for different stars appears to be influenced by size. 3. There was a failure to obtain classical stimulus generalization effects in the groups shown a series of diamonds or a series of ovals. 4. Preference rankings for "supernormal" stimuli consisting of circles edged in different ways suggested that the preference hierarchy for two-dimensional forms may be very different when the forms are in extremely tiny size.

Innate Visual Form Preferences in the Pecking Behavior of Young Chicks

Behaviour ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bird Goodwin ◽  
Eckhard H. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Preference Hierarchy ◽  
Young Chicks

Abstract1. Young chicks from the age of 1 to 91/2 days were tested daily for unrewarded two-dimensional form preferences in pecking behavior. 2. Forms having a 049 square inch area were found to be preferred, from high to low, as follows: serrated circle, oval, circle, hexagon, star, pentagon, square, rectangle, and diamond. 3. Chicks that were shown the same forms in a smaller size, .012 square inches in area, preferred them in the same order except that star shifted to last place. The smaller forms elicited a higher level of pecking behavior than did the large ones. 4. There were found increases in pecking behavior as a function of age up to the age of 5 days, after which there was a plateau. Up to (but not including) and after the age of 6-61/2 days the order of preferences for the forms was the same. 5. The disruption of the preference hierarchy at the age of 6-61/2 days is discussed in relation to the food imprinting that HESS (1962, 1964) has demonstrated to occur in chicks.

The conductivity of a sheet containing inclusions with sharp corners

1992 ◽  
Vol 438 (1904) ◽  
pp. 591-604 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Integral Equation ◽  
Reciprocity Theorem ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dielectric Media ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Effective Medium Theories ◽  
Sharp Corners ◽  
Pointed Star ◽  
Polygonal Inclusion

We have written down an integral equation for the surface charge on the interface between an n-sided regular polygonal inclusion with conductivity o 1 and a host with conductivity <0 0 . The conductivity of a sheet with few inclusions can be determined from the induced dipole associated with this charge distribution. The integral equation is solved numerically and detailed results are given for n = 3, 4 and 6. The circle limit is approached for large n . We show that our results are consistent with the reciprocity theorem for two-dimensional conducting media, and we reproduce the known analytic results in the limits when the inclusion is either a hole or a superconducting region. We also find the conductivity of a sheet containing a general n -pointed star. Analytic fits to our numerical results are given which are used as input for effective medium theories. The results given in this paper for the electrical conductivity, apply also to the thermal conductivity and to dielectric media.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

A one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lecar
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Motion Picture ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Phase Space Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Phase Space ◽  
The Mean

“Dynamical mixing”, i.e. relaxation of a stellar phase space distribution through interaction with the mean gravitational field, is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas. Qualitative results are presented in the form of a motion picture of the flow of phase points (representing homogeneous slabs of stars) in two-dimensional phase space.

Analysis of the 9th November 1990 flare

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Anita Joshi ◽  
Wahab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Temporal Behaviour ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Dimensional Measurements ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
Image Processing Software

AbstractIn this paper we present complete two-dimensional measurements of the observed brightness of the 9th November 1990Hαflare, using a PDS microdensitometer scanner and image processing software MIDAS. The resulting isophotal contour maps, were used to describe morphological-cum-temporal behaviour of the flare and also the kernels of the flare. Correlation of theHαflare with SXR and MW radiations were also studied.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

Comparison of Recovery and Recrystallization in Stainless Steel Following Plane-Wave Shock Loading and Explosive Forming

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 428-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Korbonski ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Shock Pressure ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Aisi 304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Explosive Forming

Comparison of recovery rates in materials deformed by a unidimensional and two dimensional strains at strain rates in excess of 104 sec.−1 was performed on AISI 304 Stainless Steel. A number of unidirectionally strained foil samples were deformed by shock waves at graduated pressure levels as described by Murr and Grace. The two dimensionally strained foil samples were obtained from radially expanded cylinders by a constant shock pressure pulse and graduated strain as described by Foitz, et al.

Reconstruction of Two-Dimensional Projections of GP 32*I

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
W. Chiu ◽  
J. Hosoda
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Parent Molecule ◽  
T4 Bacteriophage ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Better Than

GP 32 (molecular weight 35000) is a T4 bacteriophage protein that destabilizes the DNA helix. The fragment GP32*I (77% of the total weight), which destabilizes helices better than does the parent molecule, crystallizes as platelets thin enough for electron diffraction and electron imaging. In this paper we discuss the structure of this protein as revealed in images reconstructed from stained and unstained crystals.Crystals were prepared as previously described. Crystals for electron microscopy were pelleted from the buffer suspension, washed in distilled water, and resuspended in 1% glucose. Two lambda droplets were placed on grids over freshly evaporated carbon, allowed to sit for five minutes, and then were drained. Stained crystals were prepared the same way, except that prior to draining the droplet, two lambda of aqueous 1% uranyl acetate solution were applied for 20 seconds. Micrographs were produced using less than 2 e/Å2 for unstained crystals or less than 8 e/Å2 for stained crystals.

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