Testing Assumptions of Data Selection in Focal Animal Sampling

Behaviour ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Y. Shapiro ◽  
P.M.E. Altham
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Data Selection ◽  
Activity Rate ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

AbstractIn focal animal samples of the social interactions of individuals in groups, the possible variability of behaviour in time poses a problem of proper data selection. Four models are developed to reveal what conditions the behaviour under study must satisfy in order for data from the focal samples of both members of an interacting dyad to be used in estimating one member's partner distribution. The conditions are: the probability with which the subject animal acts on each partner, given that he acts at all, remains constant in time and the subject's overall activity rate remains constant or varies only within certain prescribed limits. If these conditions are not met, an animal's partner distribution should be estimated only from data recorded during his focal samples. The paper provides a means of testing whether a particular set of data conforms to these conditions.

scholarly journals Is There a “Right” Side of Communicating Friendship? Lateralization of Social Interactions in Zoo Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3288
Author(s):  
Marzia Baldachini ◽  
Barbara Regaiolli ◽  
Miquel Llorente ◽  
David Riba ◽  
Caterina Spiezio
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Side Preference ◽  
The Right

Social laterality in non-human primates has started to attract attention in recent years. The positioning of individuals during social interactions could possibly suggest the nature of a relationship and the social ranking of the subjects involved. The subjects of the present study were 12 adult Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) housed in a zoological garden. We carried out fourteen 210-min video-recorded sessions and we used a focal animal sampling method to collect the position of the subjects during different social interactions. Data on the position of each macaque during three types of social interactions were collected (approach, proximity and affiliative contacts). Moreover, we focused on the outcomes of dyadic agonistic encounters to build the hierarchy of the colony. For each social interaction, two conditions were considered: the side preference (being kept on the left or on the right) and the sagittal preference (being kept in front or on the rear). Bouts of preference of different positions were collected for different social interactions (approach, proximity and contacts). No group-level side preferences were found for any social interaction, suggesting that both hemispheres might be complemental and balance each other during intraspecific communication. For the sagittal preference, we found a group-level bias for proximity, with macaques being kept in front rather than on the rear by close conspecifics. This might be due to the need to detect emotions and intentions of conspecifics. Moreover, high-ranking individuals are kept more frontally than on the rear when in proximity with other macaques. More studies are needed to better investigate social laterality, possibly distinguishing more categories of social interaction, and detecting other variables that might influence the positioning preferences.

Sex Differences in Response to Marijuana in a Social Setting

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cannie Stark Adamec ◽  
R. O. Pihl
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Males And Females

Due to the failure to include women in the subject samples of most experimental investigations of the effects of cannabis, the possibility exists that the data obtained on this social intoxicant are applicable to only 49% of the population. Those few studies that have compared males and females have focused on performance variables and have demonstrated very few differences. It was hypothesized that the most likely area for male/female marijuana differences would be that of social interactions and behaviors related to these interactions. In a relaxed, informal atmosphere, Es videotaped the social interactions of groups of female friends, female strangers, male friends, or male strangers as they smoked coltsfoot, placebo, and marijuana. In addition to social-condition and drug-condition differences, we obtained statistically significant effects indicating that the women responded both to the social situations and to the drug differently from the men. In general, the women interacted with each other more positively than did the men. These effects were paralleled by sex differences in mood, person perception, and even in how pleasurable or annoying the experimental tasks were. These data are of import not only in the area of cannabis research but in the field of social interactions and the study of female/male differences as well.

Factors that affect non-independent mate choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Scauzillo ◽  
Michael H Ferkin
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Mate Choice Copying ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mate Copying

AbstractMate choice is generally regarded as an independent event, but a growing body of evidence indicates that it can be influenced by social information provided by conspecifics. This is known as non-independent mate choice. Individuals use information gathered by observing interactions between conspecifics to copy or not copy the mate choice of these conspecifics. In this review, we examine the factors that affect non-independent mate choice and mate choice copying and how it is influenced by social and environmental information that is available to the subject or focal individual. Specifically, we discuss how non-independent mate choice and whether individuals copy the choices of conspecifics can be influenced by factors such as habitat and differences in ecology, mating system and parental care. We focus on the social information provided to the focal animal, the model and the audience. Nearly all studies of non-independent mate choice and mate copying have focused on individuals in species that use visual cues as the source of social information. Nevertheless, we highlight studies that indicate that individuals in some species may use chemical cues and signals as sources of social information that may affect non-independent mate choice and mate copying.

Networks of Co-Authorship

2012 ◽  
pp. 981-994
Author(s):  
Antonio José Caulliraux Pithon ◽  
Ralfh Varges Ansuattigui ◽  
Paulo Enrique Stecklow
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The networks are transorganizational arrangements forming a structure and, in a more abstract and generic manner, are built from the interactions between individuals and organizations. These interactions allow the emergence of network structures more related to personal ties and the types of existing social interactions between the actors. Social networks aren’t a recent enterprise, but have been the subject of deeper studies due to universalization and convergence of communication processes, fundamental to the establishment and proliferation of networks. The structure where networks are manifested calls for horizontality, where there is no formal hierarchy of the elements that comprise it, composed by nodes elements and lines elements. This article analyzes the social network of authorship of one of five Postgraduate Programs of CEFET/RJ, presenting the connections between network teachers, justifying the morphological characteristics of the network and suggesting methodologies for continuing the study for the teaching and researching networks.

scholarly journals Contributions of Social Neuroscience in the Study of Schadenfreude, Social Cognition and Emotion Intergroup: Integrative Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Diana Ramos-Oliveira ◽  
Felipe Santos de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Intergroup Relation ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The present article is a bibliographic research on the integrative literature review mode, on social neuroscience, social cognition and Schadenfreude in intergroup relations. The objective was to identify an understanding of how social neuroscience could contribute and offer new insights into the Social Cognition (eg: stereotypes, prejudice, social comparison), the Schadenfreude and neural process in social interactions. From the criteria of location and selection, 28 articles published in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and SCIELO between 2006 and 2015 were retrieved, using keywords: Schadenfreude and Social Cognition, Schadenfreude and Brain, Schadenfreude and Neural, Schadenfreude and Neuro, Schadenfreude and Intergroup relation. Generally, such articles are descriptive and qualitative, and they developed mostly with the samples that showed no pathology or disease in samples. A link it showed between the Schadenfreude and the neural interface, as well as social cognition and neuronal relationship with the aim of understanding how interact in a social context. It is perceived from the approach on the subject a better understanding of social behavior in real life through neurocognitive mechanisms offering evidence in the relationship between Schadenfreude, social neuroscience and social cognition.

scholarly journals A movement monitoring system for assessing restricted rodents' movements during social interaction tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Netser ◽  
Alexander Bizer ◽  
Shlomo Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Investigatory Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Movement Monitoring

Abstract Social interactions between rodents is commonly evaluated using setups that enable restricted interactions between two rodents. However, such interactions are most often evaluated only for the animal defined as subject, but not for the social stimuli, which are usually located in a specific compartment. In most cases, behavioral quantification is done using a single video camera that allows visualizing the subject, but not the stimuli. To assess stimuli behavior in such experiments, we constructed a movement-monitoring system, comprising an array of piezoelectric sensors located at the floor of a small triangular chamber to which the social stimulus is allocated. The system and quantification methodology described in the following protocol, together with a camera recorded simultaneously, enabled us to simultaneously evaluate the movements of one or two social stimuli and the subject's investigatory behavior correlated with it.

scholarly journals Banjar Language Shifting in Ecolinguistics Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Imam Hendra Saputra ◽  
Ninuk Krismanti ◽  
Agustina Lestary
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Theory Of Language

The research attempts to examine language shifts that occur in the Banjar community using an ecolinguistics approach. The language shifts studied were limited to the vocabulary shift commonly used in the social interactions of everyday Banjar people. The data gathering was using interviewing and documentation techniques. Interviews are semi-structured interviews. The interview was on respondents spread across various cities in South Kalimantan, where the Banjar language is the language of community communication. Due to the pandemic, researchers enlisted the help of students in their respective hometowns to collect data with protocols that the research team had established. The data was the subject of reduction, organized by category of word classes and reasons for shifts, analysed based on the three-dimensional social theory of language praxis. The three practical social dimensions of language are the ideological, social, and biological dimensions. The research expects to be a reference for Banjar language participation efforts.

scholarly journals Vocabulario, narración y argumentación en los primeros años de la infancia y la niñez. Una revisión de investigaciones / Vocabulary, narration and argumentation during the first years of infancy and childhood. A research review

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Celia Renata Rosemberg ◽  
Alejandra Menti ◽  
Alejandra Stein ◽  
Florencia Alam ◽  
Maia Migdalek
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Argumentative Discourse ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
At Home

<p><em><strong>Español</strong></em></p><p>Se presenta una revisión de investigaciones que atienden al desempeño psicolingüístico infantil referido al vocabulario, al discurso narrativo y al argumentativo. En el marco de una amplia presentación de trabajos de investigación en el tema, el foco de la revisión son los trabajos previos realizados en el marco de la línea de investigación que llevamos a cabo en Argentina con niños de diversos grupos socioculturales. Se incluyen, a modo de ilustración de los conceptos, intercambios audio o videofilmados a niños de dos años y seis meses a cinco años en diferentes contextos de interacción en el hogar y en la escuela. En la presentación conceptual, así como en el análisis de los intercambios, se señalan las interrelaciones entre el vocabulario y el discurso narrativo y argumentativo en las interacciones sociales durante la consecusión de las actividades que configuran la vida cotidiana en el hogar, la comunidad y el entorno escolar. Asimismo, se señala la necesidad de atender, desde una perspectiva multimodal, al contexto de interacción social en el que se insertan tempranamente las palabras infantiles cuando los niños comienzan a producir discursos que les permiten realizar su intención comunicativa.</p><p><em><strong>English</strong></em></p><p><span>We present a research review of studies about children’s psycholinguistic performance regarding vocabulary as well as narrative and argumentative discourse. Within the framework of a wide array of research studies on the subject, this revision focuses on the line of research that we have been carrying out with children from diverse sociocultural groups in Argentina. In order to illustrate the concepts, we have included audio or video conversational exchanges among children between two and half years and five years old. The exchanges were recorded in different contexts of interaction at school and at home. In the theoretical presentation, as well as in the analysis of exchanges we point out the relationships between vocabulary and narrative and argumentative discourse, that took place within the social interactions in the daily activities at home, in the community, and school environments. Likewise, we highlight the need to attend to the context of social interaction in which a child’s vocabulary is inserted early on, when children begin to produce discourse in order to carry out their communicational goals.</span></p>

scholarly journals KONSTRUKSI REALITAS SOSIAL DAN MAKNA DIRI PENYINTAS COVID-19 DI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vina Apriani ◽  
Wahyu Utamidewi ◽  
Nurkinan Nurkinan
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Reality Construction ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

The Covid-19 pandemic has a major impact on people's lives in Indonesia. The impact felt by the community is not only in the economic, educational, cultural sectors, but also in social interaction patterns. The aim of this research looks at the diversity of experiences and self-meanings of the Covid-19 survivor through social reality construction theory. It has an effect on change in social interactions that occur in the current era and in future lives. This study took the subject of 5 Covid-19 survivors living in Jakarta. Jakarta was chosen by researchers because that has the highest rate of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia. This study uses the theory contruction of social reality because this theory is in accordance with the research objectives.  This theory is formed from a society that acts as a victim as well as a perpetrator in social construction and become to a social reality. This study uses the phenomenological method because it looks at the social actions taken by an individual with Covid-19. The data collection technique in this research is interviews with in-depth interviews. The results of this study are that the self-meaning of Covid-19 survivors in Jakarta is categorized into five, namely: a) Closed; b) Fear; c) Self-regret; d) Confused; e) Trauma. These five meanings are formed based on communication experiences faced by present and past survivors so that a construction of these meanings is formed.

Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öykülerinde Türk göçmen çocukları

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Efnan Dervişoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Home Life ◽  
Literary Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Life Education

Almanya’ya işçi göçü, neden ve sonuçları, sosyal boyutlarıyla ele alınmış; göç ve devamındaki süreçte yaşanan sorunlar, konunun uzmanlarınca dile getirilmiştir. Fakir Baykurt’un Almanya öyküleri, sunduğu gerçekler açısından, sosyal bilimlerin ortaya koyduğu verilerle bağdaşan edebiyat ürünleri arasındadır. Yirmi yılını geçirdiği Almanya’da, göçmen işçilerle ve aileleriyle birlikte olup işçi çocuklarının eğitimine yönelik çalışmalarda bulunan yazarın gözlem ve deneyimlerinin ürünü olan bu öyküler, kaynağını yaşanmışlıktan alır; çalışmanın ilk kısmında, Fakir Baykurt’un yaşamına ve Almanya yıllarına dair bilgi verilmesi, bununla ilişkilidir. Öykülere yansıyan çocuk yaşamı ise çalışmanın asıl konusunu oluşturmaktadır. “Ev ve aile yaşamı”, “Eğitim yaşamı ve sorunları”, “Sosyal çevre, arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve Türk-Alman ayrılığı” ile “İki kültür arasında” alt başlıklarında, Türkiye’den göç eden işçi ailelerinde yetişen çocukların Almanya’daki yaşamları, karşılaştıkları sorunlar, öykülerin sunduğu veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiş; örneklemeye gidilmiştir. Bu öyküler, edebiyatın toplumsal gerçekleri en iyi yansıtan sanat olduğu görüşünü doğrular niteliktedir ve sosyolojik değerlendirmelere açıktır. ENGLISH ABSTRACTMigration and Children in Fakir Baykurt’s stories from GermanyThe migration of workers to Germany has been taken up with its causes, consequences and social dimensions; the migration and the problems encountered in subsequent phases have been stated by experts in the subject. Fakir Baykurt’s stories from Germany, regarding the reality they represent, are among the literary forms that coincide with the facts supplied by social sciences. These stories take their sources from true life experiences as the products of observations and experiences with migrant workers and their families in Germany where the writer has passed twenty years of his life and worked for the education of the worker’s children; therefore information related to Fakir Baykurt’s life and his years in Germany are provided in the first part of the study.  The life of children reflected in the stories constitutes the main theme of the study.  Under  the subtitles of “Family and Home Life”, “Education Life and related issues”, “Social environment, friendships and Turkish-German disparity” and “Amidst two cultures”, the lives in Germany of children who have been  raised in working class  families and  who have immigrated from Turkey are  evaluated under the light of facts provided by the stories and examples are given. These stories appear to confirm that literature is an art that reflects the social reality and is open to sociological assessments.KEYWORDS: Fakir Baykurt; Germany; labor migration; child; story

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