Sexual Segregation, Cliques, and Social Power in Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri) Groups

Behaviour ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 163-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Leger ◽  
William A. Mason ◽  
D. Munkenbeck Fragaszy
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fruit Drink ◽  
Proximity Measures

AbstractThis report presents two studies of captive squirrel monkeys living in mixed-sex social groups: In the first study, we quantified social interaction patterns and spacing in two groups during their regular daily feeding period. Dispersal of food was rapid, owing to the animals' tendencies to drop items on the cage floor, and competitive interactions were infrequent. Adult males and females were spatially segregated, and between-sex interactions were relatively infrequent. Dyadic proximity data indicated that each group contained several cliques of from two to three individuals, usually of the same sex. Members of a clique not only spent more time near each other, but favored the same areas in the cage, even when they were not in proximity. Measures of proximity and agonism were positively correlated. In the second study, the same groups were presented with either one or two bottles of fruit drink, a highly desired, non-dispersible resource, or with one or two bottles of plain water. During water-bottle sessions, between-sex interactions were no more frequent or agonistic than they were in the normative study; in the highly competitive fruit-drink sessions, however, males frequently directed agonistic behavior against females and against each other, and they successfully dominated access to the fruit-drink bottles. In contrast, female agonism was directed mainly toward other females. Our observations suggest that membership in a clique may provide a competitive advantage. In one group, a clique consisting of a mother and her daughter successfully excluded other females from the fruit-drink bottles; in another group, the only females to compete vigorously against males were members of the same clique; after one of the two males in this group was removed, females for the first time made occasional joint attacks on the remaining adult male, and he appeared to become less assertive and successful in competitive tests. We suggest that the social and spatial peripherality of males is not simply the result of coercive exclusion by females, but also reflects a "choice" by males to avoid interacting with females under most circumstances. When male motivation is strong, however, they readily approach females, aggress against them, and assert themselves successfully in competitive interactions, even against a substantial female majority.

scholarly journals Indefinite Proximity Learning: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 2039-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank-Michael Schleif ◽  
Peter Tino
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Proximity Measures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
One Class Classification

Efficient learning of a data analysis task strongly depends on the data representation. Most methods rely on (symmetric) similarity or dissimilarity representations by means of metric inner products or distances, providing easy access to powerful mathematical formalisms like kernel or branch-and-bound approaches. Similarities and dissimilarities are, however, often naturally obtained by nonmetric proximity measures that cannot easily be handled by classical learning algorithms. Major efforts have been undertaken to provide approaches that can either directly be used for such data or to make standard methods available for these types of data. We provide a comprehensive survey for the field of learning with nonmetric proximities. First, we introduce the formalism used in nonmetric spaces and motivate specific treatments for nonmetric proximity data. Second, we provide a systematization of the various approaches. For each category of approaches, we provide a comparative discussion of the individual algorithms and address complexity issues and generalization properties. In a summarizing section, we provide a larger experimental study for the majority of the algorithms on standard data sets. We also address the problem of large-scale proximity learning, which is often overlooked in this context and of major importance to make the method relevant in practice. The algorithms we discuss are in general applicable for proximity-based clustering, one-class classification, classification, regression, and embedding approaches. In the experimental part, we focus on classification tasks.

scholarly journals Effect of Smoking on FEF 25, FEF 50 & FEF 75 in Adult Male Smokers

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Shamima Akhter ◽  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Md Noor Nabi ◽  
Nahid Yeasmin ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group A ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Medicine Today ◽  
Group B

Introduction:Smoking is most common in East Asia, where two thirds of all adult males smoke tobacco; cigarette smoking is by far the most common. Smoking is the primary cause of chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis and other respiratory symptoms. Many studies have shown significant changes of Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) as FEF 25, FEF 50 and FEF 75 (L/sec) in adult male smokers. Its objective is to assess the change of FEF 25, FEF 50 and FEF 75 (L/sec) in adult male smokers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka during the period of July, 2007 to June, 2008. In the present study 30 adult male smokers consuming cigarettes for more than 5 years selected as study group (Group-B) and were matched with 30 adult males who were non-smokers considered as control group (Group-A) for comparison. FEF 25, FEF 50 and FEF 75 (L/sec) were estimated in both Groups. Analysis of data was done with the help of computer by SPSS 12.0 programmer and significant tests were done by unpaired Student’s “t” test. Results: There were statistically significant differences of FEF25, FEF50 and FEF75 (L/sec) in group A vs. group B. Conclusion: From the statistical analysis of the results obtained in the present study and their comparison with those of published reports, it may be concluded that smoking causes significant change of FEF 25, FEF 50 and FEF 75 (L/sec) among the smokers that could be useful in early diagnosis of peripheral airway obstruction. Medicine Today 2020 Vol.32(2): 81-84

scholarly journals Lipid-reducing effects of sulphate-sulphide mineral water in patients with knee osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-298
Author(s):  
Tatjana Erceg-Rukavina ◽  
Dragana Dragičević-Cvjetković
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Sulphide Mineral ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Group A ◽  
Positive Effect

Background/Aim: The positive effect of thermal mineral waters on human health has been known for a long time. Many pathophysiological mechanisms of action of balneotherapy are not specified. Patients with gonarthrosis often have elevated values of serum lipids. This study aimed to examine the effect of drinking sulphate-sulphide thermo mineral water on the lipid status of patients with gonarthrosis. Methods: A prospective clinical study followed 60 patients, both sexes, mean age 65.02 ± 1.03, with gonarthrosis. All inpatient underwent physical treatment with topical application of sulphate-sulphide mineral water. Patients of group A (N = 30) had the use of this mineral water as an additional therapy by drinking, unlike patients of group B (N = 30) who drank plain water. The level of serum lipids of these patients was monitored at admission and 4 weeks after. The variance analysis test (ANOVA) with a level of statistical significance p < 0.001 was used for statistical analysis. Results: A significant reduction in the levels of all lipid fractions in the serum of patients with gonarthrosis was found 4 weeks after the completion of inpatient physical treatment in both study groups. This decrease was statistically significant in patients of group A (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Drinking sulphate-sulphide mineral water in patients with gonarthrosis shows a positive effect on the reduction of serum lipid levels in the short-term follow-up period.

scholarly journals Cleaning the palate and tongue without nausea: a mixed methods study exploring the appropriate depth and direction of oral care

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Cheng ◽  
Yu-feng Zhou ◽  
Ya-ping Ding ◽  
Ying Xing ◽  
Enfang Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Group A ◽  
Gag Reflex ◽  
Group B ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
Medical University

Abstract Background It is advisable to clean the palate and tongue thoroughly during oral care to protect against nosocomial infections. However, improper cleaning may cause nausea. To date, no robust data are available regarding how to implement this procedure properly. Furthermore, traditional cotton balls, forceps and normal saline are still used in clinical in China. This mixed methods study aimed to explore the appropriate depth and direction of cleaning methods for palates and tongues without causing nausea and the factors influencing cleaning depth and discomfort in traditional oral care. Methods Our study recruited students (n = 276) from a medical university. The first phase was a quantitative study, in which forceps were slowly inserted into their throats until the gag reflex was triggered, and then, the insertion depth was measured. After that, participants were randomly divided into two groups. In group A, palates and tongues were cleaned coronally and then sagittally, with the converse order used for group B. The extent of nausea was measured. Additionally, the qualitative data were types of discomfort other than nausea reported by the participants. Results The tolerable depths (without causing nausea) for cleaning the palate and tongue were 6.75 ± 1.07 cm and 6.92 ± 1.11 cm, respectively. Participants of male sex and with high BMI (overweight/obese) were associated with greater tolerable cleaning depth. The extent of nausea caused by cleaning both the palate and the tongue sagittally was higher than that elicited by coronal cleaning (p = 0.025 and p = 0.003, respectively). Other discomforts included itching, saltiness and coldness. Conclusion It is appropriate to increase the cleaning depth of the palate and tongue for adult males and overweight/obese individuals. Moreover, coronal cleaning causes lower levels of nausea, and traditional oral care appliances should be improved.

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF MODEL CHARACTERISTICS: INVESTIGATING THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL POWER

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri R. Brewer ◽  
Daniel L. Wann
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Effectiveness ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Puzzle Task

Observational learning is an important component of human learning. According to Bandura (1965), observational learning is characterized by four stages: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. The first stage, attention, is a crucial subprocess that can be influenced by model characteristics. Characteristics such as attractiveness, trustworthiness, similarity, and perceived competence have been shown to enhance a model's effectiveness. This study extended this research to social power. It was hypothesized that observational learning effectiveness would be greater in groups taught by a model with a base of social power than in a control group. A research question examined which base of social power (legitimate, expert, or referent) yielded the greatest effectiveness. Subjects watched a tape of a model performing a puzzle task. The model was described as having one of the three bases of social power. A fourth group was taught by a model introduced without the mention of a base of social power. The results revealed that subjects in the power groups scored significantly higher on the variables of time elapsed to complete the puzzle, number of pieces correctly placed, and whether the subject finished or not. Implications for the findings of this study such as the use of social power(s) in a teaching and managerial setting are discussed.

Performance of Forensic Patients on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: A Normative Study

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Mullen ◽  
Robert C. Reinehr ◽  
Jon D. Swartz
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Forensic Patients ◽  
Projective Technique ◽  
Holtzman Inkblot Technique

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique was administered to all 269 adult males admitted as forensic patients in the state of Texas during a 12-mo. period. Normative data presented suggest that these forensic patients differ from other criterion groups in their responses to this psychometrically rigorous projective technique. Factor analysis of the scores indicated a factorial structure similar to that reported for several of the Holtzman standardization samples but with at least one factor which seems to be unique to these forensic patients.

scholarly journals Stool examination and rectal biopsy in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy of schistosomiasis mansoni

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Teles Rabello ◽  
Roberto Sena Rocha ◽  
João Paulo Mendes de Oliveira ◽  
Naftale Katz ◽  
José Roberto Lambertucci
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Stool Examination ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual

From each of a group of 217 adult males selected through enzyme-immunoassay or skin-test (Group A), six stool samples were examined by both the Lutz/Hoffman, Pons & Janer (Lutz/HPJ) and Kato/Katz methods. In addition, one oogram of the rectal mucosa was performed. By these methods, schistosomiasis was detected in 44.7%, 47.5% and 40.1% of the individuals respectively. To evaluate the methods in the assessment of cure, the last 40 patients from group A, treated with a single oral dose of oxamniquine at 15 mg/kg were followed up for six months (Group B). The criteria for parasitological cure included three stool examinations by Kato/Katz and Lutz/HPJ methods, one, three and six months post-treatment and a rectal biopsy between the fourth and sixth months post-treatment. The examinations were negative in 87.5%, 90% and 95% of the patients, respectively. The efficacy of oxamniquine was 82.5% when the three methods were considered together and there was no statistically significant difference between the sensitivity of the individual methods.

scholarly journals A Case Study of ASEAN EFL Learners’ Collaborative Writing and Small Group Interaction Patterns in Google Docs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Nakhon Kitjaroonchai ◽  
Suksan Suppasetseree
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Collaborative Writing ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Google Docs ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The study investigated the interaction patterns of six ASEAN EFL university students when they worked in small groups on two collaborative writing tasks: a descriptive essay and an argumentative essay. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of gender and heterogeneous in terms of home countries. Data collection included pre- and posttest writing, pre- and post-task questionnaires, participants&rsquo; work on essays, their reflections, observations, and semi-structured interviews. The students worked on their essays in Google Docs, and the researcher(s) used DocuViz as a tool for visualizations of students&rsquo; collaborative writing contributions and styles. The findings showed different interaction patterns (a cooperative revision style for Group A vs. a main writer style for Group B) across the two collaborative writing tasks. While revising, both groups added and corrected their essays and employed almost the same writing change functions and language functions, which were suggesting, agreeing, and stating.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document