Chinese Farms in Zambia: From Socialist to “Agro-Imperialist” Engagement?

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hairong ◽  
Barry Sautman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Capitalist Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Modes Of Engagement ◽  
Do So

Abstract Participation by Chinese in Zambia’s agriculture has involved three modes of engagement. Two of these, agro-socialist cooperation until the late 1980s and agro-capitalist “win-win,” since the 1990s, can be examined. The third one, an “agro-imperialist” mode, is not an experience, but a speculation, one possible future based on the Chinese state’s potential to allow firms from China to join in the large-scale, export-oriented “land grabs” by big transnational firms that have occurred since food crises in the developing world in the late 2000s. This paper analyzes all three modes of Chinese engagement, but necessarily concentrates on the second, present-day mode, agro-capitalism. We argue that the present Chinese engagement with Zambian agriculture makes small-scale positive contributions to the domestic food market in Zambia. At the same time, its agro-capitalist production involves the exploitation of farm workers that is typically at the core of commercial farming regardless of the national origins of farm owners. We also contend that while Chinese in Zambia and Africa are not carrying out agro-imperialism, they will likely do so if Chinese leaders decide that this practice represents an international standard.

scholarly journals Balanced reconnection intervals: four case studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3897-3912 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. DeJong ◽  
A. J. Ridley ◽  
C. R. Clauer
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Reconnection Rate ◽  
Magnetospheric Convection ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Name ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. During steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) events the magnetosphere is active, yet there are no data signatures of a large scale reconfiguration, such as a substorm. While this definition has been used for years it fails to elucidate the true physics that is occurring within the magnetosphere, which is that the dayside merging rate and the nightside reconnection rate balance. Thus, it is suggested that these events be renamed Balanced Reconnection Intervals (BRIs). This paper investigates four diverse BRI events that support the idea that new name for these events is needed. The 3–4 February 1998 event falls well into the classic definition of an SMC set forth by Sergeev et al. (1996), while the other challenge some previous notions about SMCs. The 15 February 1998 event fails to end with a substorm expansion and concludes as the magnetospheric activity slowly quiets. The third event, 22–23 December 2000, begins with a slow build up of magnetospheric activity, thus there is no initiating substorm expansion. The last event, 17 February 1998, is more active (larger AE, AL and cross polar cap potential) than previously studied SMCs. It also has more small scale activity than the other events studied here.

Lionel Cohen Lecture: The Content of Fiduciary Obligation

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Birks
Keyword(s):  
Fiduciary Duty ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fiduciary Obligations ◽  
Do So

Fiduciary obligations form a sub-set of those primary obligations the breach of which constitutes a civil wrong. Only by starting from the obligation of the express trustee can one establish a clear picture of their content. ‘Fiduciary’ is one vehicle for exporting incidents of the express trust by analogy. The trustee's obligation differs from other primary obligations in the degree of altruism which it requires. The trustee must not only take care of the interests of another but must do so disinterestedly. This is the third and highest degree of legally obligatory altruism. The question then arises whether the trustee's obligation mutates when imposed on non-trustees. The core obligation never changes. A sub-problem then emerges: Can negligence be a breach of any one of three different primary duties and hence three different wrongs: breach of contract, tort, and breach of fiduciary duty? The last section of the lecture looks for the best way to dispel that illusion.

scholarly journals Transnational Spaces of Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-82
Author(s):  
Selin Çağatay ◽  
Mia Liinason ◽  
Olga Sasunkevich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Spaces Of Resistance

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical foundation of the book. It conceptualizes resistance as a space in-between small-scale mundane practices with a low level of collective organizing and large-scale protest activities which often exemplify resistance in social movement studies. In line with feminist and queer conceptualization of resistance, the authors suggest to examine multi-scalarity of resistant practices. The chapter attends to three scales of feminist and LGBTI+  activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. The first scale analyzes activism in relation to the civil society-state-market triad. The second scale problematizes the notion of solidarity in relations between feminist and LGBTI+  activists from different geopolitical regions and countries as well as between small- and large-scale activist organizations and groups. Finally, the third scale focuses on individual resistant practices and the role of individual bodies in emergence of collective political struggles.

scholarly journals Weber vs Wairua

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gregory ◽  
Kristen Maynard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Core ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Do So

The essential elements of modern bureaucracy were identified by the German social scientist Max Weber (1864–1920) and remain central today to any understanding of how modern governmental systems work. At the core of Weber’s understanding was the insight that bureaucracies are profoundly impersonal, even dehumanised, organisations, which is a key element in their ability to carry out complex, large-scale tasks. However, this dehumanised character is also one of bureaucracy’s biggest weaknesses, since it inhibits the organisation’s ability to relate to people in ways that are in tune with lived social experiences. This article argues that in Aotearoa New Zealand it should be possible to draw upon knowledge from te ao Mäori, and especially the idea of wairua, to help fulfil aspirations for an improved public service, one that is more effective and humane for all New Zealanders. However, to do so will require a much greater appreciation of such knowledge than has so far been the case.

scholarly journals Survey of human and bovine tuberculosis infection on dairy farms in southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Chuang Chen ◽  
Zhengyuan Rao ◽  
Aiguo Yang ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a zoonotic chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that can be transmitted between humans and cattle. The aim of our study was to identify cross-infections of MTBC between humans and cattle on dairy farms in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Results: We selected 6 large-scale and 5 small-scale dairy farms in Sichuan Province as research sites. A total of 378 dairy farm workers (except one pregnant woman) were screened for tuberculosis symptoms and examined by X-ray. One worker was diagnosed as tuberculosis, though the sputum culture was negative. In total, 99 of 10,224 (0.97%) cows showed positive results for the purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests. Esophageal-pharyngeal (OP) secretions from PPD-positive cows were cultured and 21 isolates were obtained. Sequences of 16s rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB and 16s-23s rRNA spacer region were amplified and sequenced. BLAST analysis classified these isolates as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) (18 M. nonchromogenicum, 1 M. hiberniae, 1 M. arupense, and 1 M. chitae isolates). Conclusion: This study indicates that the PPD-positive cows in these dairy farms were infected with NTM rather than MTBC. Tuberculosis cross-infection between humans and cows on dairy farms has been well controlled in this region.

scholarly journals A multiscale model of virus pandemic: Heterogeneous interactive entities in a globally connected world

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (08) ◽  
pp. 1591-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bellomo ◽  
Richard Bingham ◽  
Mark A. J. Chaplain ◽  
Giovanni Dosi ◽  
Guido Forni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Lattice Models ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Modelling Approach

This paper is devoted to the multidisciplinary modelling of a pandemic initiated by an aggressive virus, specifically the so-called SARS–CoV–[Formula: see text] Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, corona virus n.[Formula: see text]. The study is developed within a multiscale framework accounting for the interaction of different spatial scales, from the small scale of the virus itself and cells, to the large scale of individuals and further up to the collective behaviour of populations. An interdisciplinary vision is developed thanks to the contributions of epidemiologists, immunologists and economists as well as those of mathematical modellers. The first part of the contents is devoted to understanding the complex features of the system and to the design of a modelling rationale. The modelling approach is treated in the second part of the paper by showing both how the virus propagates into infected individuals, successfully and not successfully recovered, and also the spatial patterns, which are subsequently studied by kinetic and lattice models. The third part reports the contribution of research in the fields of virology, epidemiology, immune competition, and economy focussed also on social behaviours. Finally, a critical analysis is proposed looking ahead to research perspectives.

scholarly journals Osborne Reynolds pipe flow: Direct simulation from laminar through gradual transition to fully developed turbulence

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (26) ◽  
pp. 7920-7924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Wu ◽  
Parviz Moin ◽  
Ronald J. Adrian ◽  
Jon R. Baltzer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bypass Transition ◽  
Hairpin Vortex ◽  
Direct Simulation ◽  
Hairpin Vortices ◽  
Fully Developed Turbulence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Developed Turbulence

The precise dynamics of breakdown in pipe transition is a century-old unresolved problem in fluid mechanics. We demonstrate that the abruptness and mysteriousness attributed to the Osborne Reynolds pipe transition can be partially resolved with a spatially developing direct simulation that carries weakly but finitely perturbed laminar inflow through gradual rather than abrupt transition arriving at the fully developed turbulent state. Our results with this approach show during transition the energy norms of such inlet perturbations grow exponentially rather than algebraically with axial distance. When inlet disturbance is located in the core region, helical vortex filaments evolve into large-scale reverse hairpin vortices. The interaction of these reverse hairpins among themselves or with the near-wall flow when they descend to the surface from the core produces small-scale hairpin packets, which leads to breakdown. When inlet disturbance is near the wall, certain quasi-spanwise structure is stretched into a Lambda vortex, and develops into a large-scale hairpin vortex. Small-scale hairpin packets emerge near the tip region of the large-scale hairpin vortex, and subsequently grow into a turbulent spot, which is itself a local concentration of small-scale hairpin vortices. This vortex dynamics is broadly analogous to that in the boundary layer bypass transition and in the secondary instability and breakdown stage of natural transition, suggesting the possibility of a partial unification. Under parabolic base flow the friction factor overshoots Moody’s correlation. Plug base flow requires stronger inlet disturbance for transition. Accuracy of the results is demonstrated by comparing with analytical solutions before breakdown, and with fully developed turbulence measurements after the completion of transition.

The Third Front: Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior

1988 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 351-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Western China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

Between 1964 and 1971 China carried out a massive programme of investment in the remote regions of south-western and western China. This development programme – called “the Third Front” – envisaged the creation of a huge self-sufficient industrial base area to serve as a strategic reserve in the event of China being drawn into war. Reflecting its primarily military orientation, the programme was considered top secret for many years; recent Chinese articles have discussed the huge costs and legacy of problems associated with the programme, but these discussions have been oblique and anecdotal, and no systematic appraisal has ever been published.2 Since Chinese analysts have avoided discussion of the Third Front, western accounts of China's development have also given it inadequate emphasis, and it has not been incorporated into our understanding of China during the 1960s and 1970s. It is common to assume that the “Cultural Revolution decade” was dominated by domestic political conflict, and characterized by an economic system made dysfunctional by excessive politicization, fragmented control, and an emphasis on small-scale locally self-sufficient development. The Third Front, however, was a purposive, large-scale, centrally-directed programme of development carried out in response to a perceived external threat with the broad support of China's national leaders. Moreover, this programme was immensely costly, having a negative impact on China's economic development that was certainly more far-reaching than the disruption of the Cultural Revolution.

scholarly journals Scaling the State: Egypt in the Third Millennium BC

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bussmann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Writing ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Local Models ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
The Relationship

Discussions of the early Egyptian state suffer from a weak consideration of scale. Egyptian archaeologists derive their arguments primarily from evidence of court cemeteries, elite tombs, and monuments of royal display. The material informs the analysis of kingship, early writing, and administration but it remains obscure how the core of the early Pharaonic state was embedded in the territory it claimed to administer. This paper suggests that the relationship between centre and hinterland is key for scaling the Egyptian state of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2,700-2,200 BC). Initially, central administration imagines Egypt using models at variance with provincial practice. The end of the Old Kingdom demarcates not the collapse, but the beginning of a large-scale state characterized by the coalescence of central and local models.

scholarly journals Survey of human and bovine tuberculosis infection on dairy farms in southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Chuang Chen ◽  
Zhengyuan Rao ◽  
Aiguo Yang ◽  
Li Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative

Abstract Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a zoonotic chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that can be transmitted between humans and cattle. The aim of our study was to identify cross-infections of MTBC between humans and cattle on dairy farms in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Results: We selected 6 large-scale and 5 small-scale dairy farms in Sichuan Province as research sites. A total of 378 dairy farm workers (except one pregnant woman) were screened for tuberculosis symptoms and examined by X-ray. One worker was diagnosed as tuberculosis, though the sputum culture was negative. In total, 99 of 10,224 (0.97%) cows showed positive results for the purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests. Esophageal-pharyngeal (OP) secretions from PPD-positive cows were cultured and 21 isolates were obtained. Sequences of 16s rDNA , hsp65 and rpoB and 16s-23s rRNA spacer region were amplified and sequenced. BLAST analysis classified these isolates as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) (18 M. nonchromogenicum , 1 M. hiberniae , 1 M. arupense, and 1 M. chitae isolates). Conclusion: This study indicates that the PPD-positive cows in these dairy farms were infected with NTM rather than MTBC. Tuberculosis cross-infection between humans and cows on dairy farms has been well controlled in this region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document