Bilād al-Šām in the Modern Period: Integration into the Ottoman Empire and New Relations with Europe

Arabica ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Philipp

AbstractHistorical periods are the attempt of the historian to shape the endless flow of events in time into meaningful, coherent entities. Periods are often bracketed by "decisive" events and comprise one or more dominant features which give "unity" to the period so chosen. The periodization of history must by necessity remain a work in progress. It is always an attempt of interpretation and giving meaning and, hence, always open to revision. Ottoman rule over the Arab provinces was always considered as such a period, defined by the conquest and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. The present article tries to probe in how far these events are indeed meaningful for the periodization of the history of Bilad al-Sham, the geographical Syria.

Der Islam ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-595
Author(s):  
Lorenz Korn

Abstract The “German Fountain” on the Hippodrome in Istanbul, commissioned by the German Emperor Wilhelm II, has been perceived (and sometimes ridiculed) as a marginal by-product of imperialism and historicism. However, the history of its origins, construction and inauguration highlights significant aspects of German-Ottoman relations in the Hamidian period. The fountain is an example of the role that art and architecture played in these relations. The history of its planning indicates in which way the urban history of Istanbul was perceived and how a new monument was inserted, under the particular conditions of patronage by a foreign monarch. For the present article, German archival sources have been utilized to reconstruct the events and to interpret underlying attitudes. These sources elucidate the process of veritable trans-cultural negotiations, in which numerous partners with differing agendas participated. Besides, an art historical glance at the design of the fountain permits conclusions on choices that were made by the patron and the architect, significant for the understanding of the monument by its contemporaries. The particular conditions of the Ottoman Empire struggling for survival vis à vis European powers, and German foreign politics, become visible in the location and style of the fountain as well as in the protocol of its inauguration.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-51
Author(s):  
Hezy Mutzafi

Abstract The present article concerns twelve cases of Akkadian lexical influences on Aramaic that are not manifest until the modern period. These are added to several cases already discussed in scholarly works, and include ten substrate words and two loan translations, all in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA), and in one case of loan translation apparently also in Western Neo-Aramaic (assuming a westward diffusion of the innovation involved). As most Akkadian lexical influences which surface in Neo-Aramaic are confined to NENA, it seems that the main reasons for the lack of their attestation in pre-modern Aramaic is the strictly vernacular nature of the remote progenitor of NENA, and the fact that the history of this dialect group is not attested.


2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
Linda T. Darling

Halil İnalcık was born in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, into a refugee family, probably in 1916 (he did not know his birthday; in Turkey he adopted 29 May, in the US 4 July). He died at age 100 in Ankara on 25 July 2016, as the premier Ottoman historian in the world. To quote one of his students, “Professor İnalcık transformed the field of Ottoman studies from an obscure and exotic subfield into one of the leading historical disciplines that covers the history of the greater Middle East and North Africa as well as the Balkans from the late medieval to the modern period. He set the tone of debate and critical inquiry from the early modern to the modern period.” Born an Ottoman, he made Ottoman studies a crucial part of world history.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-198
Author(s):  
Ferhat Ozcep

Abstract. Researching, compiling and analysing geophysical ideas and measurements in historical periods will contribute to the historical development of earth science. Also, this is important for geophysicists working on time-dependent (historical) data and revealing the physical properties of the earth. This paper is focused on the earth and its sciences (with concepts, ideas and measurements) in classical Islamic science in the Ottoman Empire and the evolution of these thoughts and concepts in the context of the transition to modern science. The pre-modern period of science in Islamic geographies is represented by Aristotelian science and some original contributions. In the geophysical sciences of the Ottoman Empire, earthquakes and weather events are explained by his views and ideas. Modern concepts and scientific measurements of geophysical events such as magnetic, seismologic and meteorologic events were systematically begun by observatories. Before this, there are some individual measurements.


Author(s):  
Ashraf Azimi Shooshtari

The history of the tendency of the people of Basra to the Ottoman Empire and the situation of Basra and the people of Basra and their beliefs, from the time of the founding of the city of Basra to the Battle of Jamal, is one of the important historical issues that no one has addressed so far. The purpose of this issue is to provide a general understanding of the Ottoman thought and beliefs and the people of Basra. This study seeks to answer the question of how and when the people of Basra became Ottoman. The present article has been written in a descriptive historical method, using historical sources with the method of collecting library information. The Ottomans were originally a political sect that, after the assassination of the Ottomans under the pretext of bloodshed, waged a war of attrition around Basra led by Talha, Zubair and Aisha. According to historians, most of the people of Basra broke their allegiance to Imam Ali (as) and collaborated with him. The Ottoman ideology, which was hidden from most of the people of Basra before the Battle of Jamal, emerged after that. As a result, the majority of the people of Basra turned to the Ottoman Empire from the time of the Camel War, which is the finding of this article.


2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Lienemann-Perrin

Many contemporary understandings and implementations of conversion are prefigured in historical periods of world Christianity. In this paper, I consider a selection of historical moments, which together illustrate the broad variety of understandings and practices of conversion. I begin with conversion’s role in the formation of Christianity, followed by conversion in oriental Christianity under the influence of Islam from the seventh century. I then explore conversion in occidental Christianity during the early modern period. Exported to China in the seventeenth century, this conception ultimately failed to translate into the Chinese context. After briefly considering this development, I turn to an understanding of conversion that emerged in African societies, which responded in their own ways to Western missions during late colonialism. Finally, I consider the nature of conversion, de-conversion and re-conversion in secularized societies.很多当代对转化的认知及实施都是在世界基督教的历史阶段中被预示了的。在这篇文章中,我择选了部分历史片段,用以说明对转化的理解及实践的多样性。我以基督教成形中转化的角色为开始,进入到七世纪在伊斯兰教影响下的东方基督教的转化,然后探讨近现代欧美基督教的转化。当这概念在十七世纪进口到中国时,并未成功地转入中国社会。这之后,我会考查在非洲社会呈现的对转化的理解,他们怎样在后殖民主义时期以自己的方式回应西方宣教。最后,我会探讨在世俗化社会里转化,非转化及再转化的本质。Muchas interpretaciones y prácticas contemporáneas de la conversión fueron anticipadas en los períodos históricos del cristianismo. En este artículo, la autora considera una selección de momentos históricos que en conjunto ilustran la amplia variedad de entendimientos y prácticas de conversión. Comienza con el papel de la conversión en la formación del cristianismo, seguido, desde el siglovii, por la conversión en el cristianismo oriental bajo la influencia del Islam. A continuación, explora la conversión en el cristianismo occidental durante la Edad Moderna. Esta concepción fue exportada a la China en el sigloxviipero no pudo trasladarse al contexto chino. Luego de considerar brevemente este desarrollo, analiza el tipo de conversión que surgió en las sociedades africanas, que respondieron a su manera a las misiones occidentales durante la época del colonialismo tardío. Por último, considera la naturaleza de la conversión, la des-conversión y la re-conversión en las sociedades secularizadas.This article is in English.


Author(s):  
D.R. Kołodziejczyk ◽  
M.A. Kaczka

Abstract In August 1739, Hotin was captured by Russian troops during the war fought by the Ottoman Empire simultaneously against Russia and Austria. The fortress commander, Ilyas Kolchak Pasha, a Muslim convert from Bosnia, was imprisoned in St. Petersburg while the entire provincial archive was transported to Russia. Today it is held in Moscow and contains almost three thousand documents in Ottoman-Turkish and in Polish, while its small section has also been discovered in Chernihiv. Since the eighteenth century, many other Ottoman documents have been incorporated into the so-called Kolchak Pasha archive in Moscow, including documents from Azov and Perekop, from the archives of Ukrainian Cossack hetmans, and even from the archive of Russian tsars, including two original oath-letters (artnames) sent by the Crimean khans in 1634 and 1646. Needless to say, most of the documents origin from Hotin, from the time when the post of its governor was occupied by Kolchak Pasha. The present article traces the history of this collection, its composition, and offers some glimpses into everyday life of the sancak of Hotin in the 1730s. Its final part is devoted to the Polish language section of the archive and to the network of Kolchaks correspondents in Poland-Lithuania, mostly consisting of opponents to August III, brought to the Polish throne in 1733 with the armed support of Russia. Apart from mutually providing information, both sides exchanged gifts and small favors, while Polish nobles sent their wives to go shopping in Ottoman Hotin, thus rendering the border between Christianity and Islam much more transparent than it has often been assumed.Аннотация В августе 1739 г. Хотин был захвачен российскими войсками в ходе войны, которую Османская империя вела одновременно против России и Австрии. Комендант крепости, Ильяс Колчак-паша, обращенный в ислам боснийец, был пленен и отправлен в Санкт-Петербург, в то время как весь провинциальный архив был перевезен в Россию. В настоящее время он находится в Москве и содержит более трех тысяч документов на османско-турецком и польском языках, одновременно небольшая его часть также была обнаружена в Чернигове. Начиная с XVIII в. множество других документов были также включены в состав так называемого архива Колчак-паши в Москве, включая документы из Азова и Перекопа, из архивов украинских казацких гетманов и даже из российских царских архивов, включая шертные грамоты (artname), отправленные крымскими ханами в 1634 и 1646 гг. Излишне говорить, что большинство документов имеют хотинское происхождение в период, когда пост наместника занимал Колчак-паша. Представленная статья обрисовывает историю этой коллекции, ее структуру и дает некоторое представление о повседневной жизни Хотинского санджака в 1730-е гг. ее заключительная часть посвящена польскоязычной секции архива и сети агентов Колчака в Речи Посполитой, в основной состоявшей из противников Августа III, возведенного на польский трон в 1733 г., благодаря вооруженной российской поддержке. Помимо двусторонней поставки информации, обе стороны обменивались подарками и небольшими взаимными услугами. При этом польские дворяне и их жены выезжали за покупками в османский Хотин, делая тем самым границы между христианским и исламским мирами более прозрачной, чем часто принято считать.


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