Boys, Girls, and Kodaks

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 215-255
Author(s):  
Lucie Ryzova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Efficacy

This essay looks at a little studied genre of photographic albums—‘peer albums’—created by young Egyptian men and women through the middle decades of the twentieth century. These strongly gendered albums are characterized by the visual exclusion of social seniors, and were typically kept hidden from them. As photographic objects embedded in particular social relationships and contexts, these albums speak of how a classed and gendered self emerged in early- to mid-twentieth-century Egypt through a range of practices, of which photography-making (and album-making) was part. But photography also had its own agency in engendering new practices. The social efficacy of vernacular photographs was predicated on a combination of photographic indexicality and performativity. Through the making of such albums, young modernity-claiming Egyptians were asserting, performing and negotiating the parameters of their middle-class urbanity, their emerging positions as modern gendered subjects and as adolescents. Together with the range of peer activities in which they were embedded, these albums represented zones of autonomy free from patriarchal control, but still nested within larger patriarchal structures. Ultimately these albums show how particular historical subjects come to be through engagements with objects; and how patriarchy and individualism construct each other.

Changing Student Populations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Neville Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
University Education ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Elite ◽  
Professional Class

By the turn of the twentieth century, the drive to make medicine more scientific and comprehensive and to limit its ranks to the well prepared had had a profound effect on student populations. Almost universally, students were now older, better educated, more schooled in science, less rowdy, and able to spend larger amounts of time and money in study than their counterparts in 1850 had been. Their ranks, now including a growing number of women, were also likely to include fewer representatives of working- and lower-middle-class families, especially in Britain and America, than a half-century before. Nations still differed, sometimes sharply, in their openness to students from different social classes. The relative openness of the German universities to the broad middle classes, as well as their inclusion of a small representation of “peasantry and artisans,” wrote Lord Bryce in 1885, was a sharp contrast with “the English failure to reach and serve all classes.” The burgeoning German enrollments, he noted, were owing to “a growing disposition on the part of mercantile men, and what may be called the lower professional class, to give their sons a university education.” More students by far from the farm and working classes of Germany, which accounted for nearly 14 percent of medical enrollment, he observed, were able to get an advanced education than were such students in England. A historic transformation in the social makeup of universities, according to historian Konrad Jarausch—from “traditional elite” to a “modern middle-class system”—was taking place in the latter nineteenth century. In France, rising standards in education, together with the abolition of the rank of officiers de santé—which for a century had opened medical training to the less affluent—were forcing medical education into a middle- class mold. In the United States, the steeply rising requirements in medicine, along with the closing of the least expensive schools, narrowed the social differences among medical students and brought sharp complaints from the less advantaged. The costs of medical education in some countries threatened to drive all but the most thriving of the middle classes from a chance to learn medicine.

Gender

Sociology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Heidi Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Biological Differences

The term gender refers to the cultural and social characteristics attributed to men and women on the basis of perceived biological differences. In the 1970s, feminists focused on sex roles, particularly the socialization of men and women into distinct masculine and feminine roles and the apparent universality of patriarchy. More recent work has critiqued the idea of two distinct genders, calling into question the notion of gender dichotomies and focusing attention on gender as a constitutive element of all social relationships. Gender has been described as a social institution that structures the organization of other institutions, such as the labor market, families, and the state, as well as the social relations of everyday life. In addition, scholars have pointed to the ways in which gender is constructed by organizations and individual interactions. Gender not only differentiates men and women into unequal groups, it also structures unequal access to goods and resources, often crosscutting and intersecting with other forms of inequality, such as class, race, and ethnicity.

The Role of Education in the Social Mobility of Dutch Cohorts, 1908–74

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Richard Breen ◽  
Ruud Luijkx ◽  
Eline Berkers
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Service Class ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fluidity

The Netherlands is well known for a sustained and marked trend towards greater social fluidity during the twentieth century. This chapter investigates trends in mobility across birth cohorts of Dutch men and women born in the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. During this time there was also a rapid upgrading of the Dutch class structure and marked expansion of the educational. But education played only a limited role in driving the increase in social fluidity: rather it was due mostly to the growing shares of people from nonservice-class origins who lacked a tertiary qualification but nevertheless moved into service-class destinations. An oversupply of service-class positions, relative to the share of people with a tertiary qualification, allowed less-qualified men and women from less-advantaged class backgrounds to be upwardly mobile.

The Last Patrician: On Sándor Márai's Journals from Years 1943–1945

Tekstualia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (34) ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
László F. Földényi ◽  
Kinga Piotrowiak-Junkiert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
The Social

The article concentrates on two topics: the special signifi cance of Márai’s Journals in his oeuvre and the fi gure of the patrician, often evoked by the Hungarian writer in his texts. For Márai, the journal was the realm of inner emigration, free from pre-war Hugary’s anti-semitic policy and from the limitations of journalism or prose fi ction. His journal notes are characterized as a new, experimental literary form, transcending the genre. The persona of the Journals can be compared to Marcus Aurelius, the ancient spokesman for patrician stoicism, which has been described by the Hungarian writer as „the greatest consolation” in war times, justifying his inner emigration. The question is whether the fi gure of the indifferent patrician was ethically fair in the epoch of genocides. However, Márai’s stoical attitude toward the reality cannot be perceived a sign of self-isolation. His vision of culture was unreal, considering the social conditions of twentieth-century Hungary. In the context of pre-war Western culture, where the ethos of the middle-class already seemed anachronistic, Márai emerges as „the last patrician”.

scholarly journals The Social Values Of Fashion Innovators

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Goldsmith ◽  
Melvin T. Stith
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Importance Ratings

This study compared importance ratings of social values between fashion innovators and non-innovators. The data came from a survey of 607 middle class consumers who rated the nine social values comprising the List of Values (Kahle and Kennedy 1989). As hypothesized, 70 fashion innovators rated the value of excitement more highly than 536 non-innovators, even when chronological age was held constant. This finding was similar for men and women, African-American and whites, demonstrating its robustness. The value of fun & enjoyment was also more highly rated by the fashion innovators.

The Cultural Imaginary of “Middle Society” in Early Republican Shanghai

Modern China ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-651
Author(s):  
Peijie Mao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Urban Modernity ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Imaginary ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Industrial Fiction

This article explores the cultural imaginary of “middle society” in China through popular writings of the early twentieth century. It pays particular attention to popular print media in early Republican Shanghai, which played a central role in constructing a middle-class cultural identity by offering new sources for imagination and for the configuration of urban modernity. I suggest that the popular imagination of the Chinese middle class can be traced back to the discourse of “middle society,” “utopian stories,” and “industrial fiction” in the 1910s and 1920s. This imaginary of middle society was defined and supported by a broad range of cultural expressions in popular media. It revealed both the social anxiety and tensions brought about by the socioeconomic transformations in early twentieth-century China and the middle-class “cultural dreams” of Chinese society and modern life.

Alice Bálint and Her Diaries: ‘… This little fixation seems to remain …’

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Borgos
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Object Relations ◽  
Jewish Woman ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Insight Into

This article reconstructs Alice Bálint's personal and professional development, dilemmas and attachments, relying on her recently revealed diaries kept between 1917 and 1929. They are an especially interesting document in many respects, touching upon politics, love, womanhood and profession. The year 1923 consists of her entries during her analysis with Ferenczi, dissecting the tensions in her most significant ‘object relations’ – her analyst, her husband and her mother. These notes demonstrate how her conflicts with sexuality, motherhood and profession relate to her attitude to the analysis and Ferenczi himself. The more general ‘yield’ of the diaries is to provide a valuable insight into the social and political circumstances of early twentieth-century Hungary and its opportunities and limitations for a (middle-class, Jewish) woman with diverse talents and intellectual ambitions.

Mass Movements and the Petty Bourgeoisie: the Social Origins of ICU Leadership, 1924–1929

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Petty Bourgeoisie ◽  
The Social

Radical historians criticizing leaders of the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union have focused on their petty bourgeois origins. This article argues that although most organizers of the later 1920s did not derive from the working class, neither were they able to base themselves securely within the petty bourgeoisie. Instead, like lower-middle-class Africans in general, they were being forced ever further from the white bourgeoisie and ever closer to the black masses. This was apparent in all spheres of life – economic, political, cultural, social and ideological – and was also increasingly evident in protest. As racially oppressed men and women subject to proletarianization and engaged in struggle, ICU leaders do not fit neatly into schemas which stress the bourgeois nature of the petty bourgeoisie.

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