The Inducement of Giant Cells By Meloidogyne Javanica

Nematologica ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells

scholarly journals Structure and development of root gall induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Glycine max L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1033
Author(s):  
Roberta Mendes Isaac Ferreira Vilela ◽  
Vitor Campana Martini ◽  
Letícia de Almeida Gonçalves ◽  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Site Formation ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Vascular Cylinder ◽  
Root Cortex

Galls formed by root-knot nematodes have been studied in several cultivated species focusing on understanding the intimate relationship between parasite and the host plant. Species of Meloidogyne induce the development of a feeding site in the cortex or vascular cylinder of the host plant and are totally dependent on this site formation to complete their life cycle. Therefore, we focused on anatomical, cytological and histochemical changes during the establishment and development of galls and giant cells induced by Meloidogyne javanica in the roots of Glycine max. Seeds of soybean (susceptible cultivar M8372 IPRO) were sown in trays with coconut fibre substrate and the seedlings were removed ten days after the seeds emerged for nematode inoculation. The roots from inoculated and non-inoculated (control) were sampled at different stages of development until 55 days after inoculation. Histological, cytological, histochemical analysis were performed in light and electron microscopy in non-galled tissue and galls induced by M. javanica. The galls showed different shapes and abundance in the roots inoculated by M. javanica. The induction of galls occurs by hypertrophy of the root cortex shortly after the initial infection process. Giant cells were formed 18 days after nematode inoculation. These giant or nourishing cells are multinucleated, and have a dense cytoplasm, a thick wall with invaginations, many mitochondria and small vacuoles. The anatomical sections indicated a disorganisation of the cells of the cortex and vascular cylinder in relation to the control root.

scholarly journals Meloidogyne javanica Chorismate Mutase 1 Alters Plant Cell Development

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Doyle ◽  
Kris N. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Chorismate Mutase ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes

Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites that alter plant cell growth and development by inducing the formation of giant cells for feeding. Nematodes inject secretions from their esophageal glands through their stylet and into plant cells to induce giant cell formation. Meloidogyne javanica chorismate mutase 1 (MjCM-1) is one such esophageal gland protein likely to be secreted from the nematode as giant cells form. MjCM-1 has two domains, an N-terminal chorismate mutase (CM) domain and a C-terminal region of unknown function. It is the N-terminal CM domain of the protein that is the predominant form produced in root-knot nematodes. Transgenic expression of MjCM-1 in soybean hairy roots results in a phenotype of reduced and aborted lateral roots. Histological studies demonstrate the absence of vascular tissue in hairy roots expressing MjCM-1. The phenotype of MjCM-1 expressed at low levels can be rescued by the addition of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indicating MjCM-1 overexpression reduces IAA biosynthesis. We propose MjCM-1 lowers IAA by causing a competition for chorismate, resulting in an alteration of chorismate-derived metabolites and, ultimately, in plant cell development. Therefore, we hypothesize that MjCM-1 is involved in allowing nematodes to establish a parasitic relationship with the host plant.

scholarly journals A Novel Effector Protein, MJ-NULG1a, Targeted to Giant Cell Nuclei Plays a Role in Meloidogyne javanica Parasitism

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borong Lin ◽  
Kan Zhuo ◽  
Ping Wu ◽  
Ruqiang Cui ◽  
Lian-Hui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Nuclear Localization Signals ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp

Secretory effector proteins expressed within the esophageal glands of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are thought to play key roles in nematode invasion of host roots and in formation of feeding sites necessary for nematodes to complete their life cycle. In this study, a novel effector protein gene designated as Mj-nulg1a, which is expressed specifically within the dorsal gland of Meloidogyne javanica, was isolated through suppression subtractive hybridization. Southern blotting and BLAST search analyses showed that Mj-nulg1a is unique for Meloidogyne spp. A real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay showed that expression of Mj-nulg1a was upregulated in parasitic second-stage juveniles and declined in later parasitic stages. MJ-NULG1a contains two putative nuclear localization signals and, consistently, in planta immunolocalization analysis showed that MJ-NULG1a was localized in the nuclei of giant cells during nematode parasitism. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj-nulg1a suppressed the expression of Mj-nulg1a in nematodes and attenuated parasitism ability of M. javanica. In contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Mj-nulg1a became more susceptible to M. javanica infection than wild-type control plants. These results depict a novel nematode effector that is targeted to giant cell nuclei and plays a critical role in M. javanica parasitism.

scholarly journals Cloning and Characterization of an Esophageal-Gland-Specific Chorismate Mutase from the Phytoparasitic Nematode Meloidogyne javanica

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris N. Lambert ◽  
Keith D. Allen ◽  
Ian M. Sussex
Keyword(s):  
Cell Formation ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Chorismate Mutase ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Giant Cell Formation

Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites that alter plant cell growth and development by inducing the formation of giant feeder cells. It is thought that nematodes inject secretions from their esophageal glands into plant cells while feeding, and that these secretions cause giant cell formation. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the formation of giant cells, a strategy was developed to clone esophageal gland genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. One clone, shown to be expressed in the nematode's esophageal gland, codes for a potentially secreted chorismate mutase (CM). CM is a key branch-point regulatory enzyme in the shikimate pathway and converts chorismate to prephenate, a precursor of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The shikimate pathway is not found in animals, but in plants, where it produces aromatic amino acids and derivative compounds that play critical roles in growth and defense. Therefore, we hypothesize that this CM is involved in allowing nematodes to parasitize plants.

scholarly journals Responses of Tomato Genotypes to Avirulent and Mi-Virulent Meloidogyne javanica Isolates Occurring in Israel

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionit Iberkleid ◽  
Rachel Ozalvo ◽  
Lidia Feldman ◽  
Moshe Elbaz ◽  
Bucki Patricia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Mi Gene ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Ja Signaling ◽  
First Time ◽  
Avirulent Isolate

The behavior of naturally virulent Meloidogyne isolates toward the tomato resistance gene Mi in major tomato-growing areas in Israel was studied for the first time. Virulence of seven selected isolates was confirmed over three successive generations on resistant (Mi-carrying) and susceptible (non-Mi-carrying) tomato cultivars. Diagnostic markers verified the predominance of Meloidogyne javanica among virulent isolates selected on resistant tomato cultivars or rootstocks. To better understand the determinants of nematode selection on Mi-carrying plants, reproduction of Mi-avirulent and virulent isolates Mjav1 and Mjv2, respectively, measured as eggs per gram of root, on non-Mi-carrying, heterozygous (Mi/mi) and homozygous (Mi/Mi) genotypes was evaluated. Although no reproduction of Mjav1 was observed on Mi/Mi genotypes, some reproduction was consistently observed on Mi/mi plants; reproduction of Mjv2 on the homozygous and heterozygous genotypes was similar to that on susceptible cultivars, suggesting a limited quantitative effect of the Mi gene. Histological examination of giant cells induced by Mi-virulent versus avirulent isolates confirmed the high virulence of Mjv2 on Mi/mi and Mi/Mi genotypes, allowing the formation of well-developed giant-cell systems despite the Mi gene. Analysis of the plant defense response in tomato Mi/Mi, Mi/mi, and mi/mi genotypes to both avirulent and virulent isolates was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Although the jasmonate (JA)-signaling pathway was clearly upregulated by avirulent and virulent isolates on the susceptible (not carrying Mi) and heterozygous (Mi/mi) plants, no change in signaling was observed in the homozygous (Mi/Mi) resistant line following incompatible interaction with the avirulent isolate. Thus, similar to infection promoted by the avirulent isolate on the susceptible genotype, the Mi-virulent isolate induced the JA-dependent pathway, which might promote tomato susceptibility during the compatible interaction with the homozygous (Mi/Mi) resistant line. These results have important consequences for the management of Mi resistance genes for ensuring sustainable tomato farming.

Fine structure of the giant cells induced by Meloidogyne javanica in lima bean

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fattah ◽  
J. M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Wide Range

Giant cells associated with egg-laying females of Meloidogyne javanica in lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus cv. L-136, were examined by light and electron microscopy. These giant cells have characteristics that are typical of nematode-induced giant cells in a wide range of hosts, but they differ in that they (i) are less closely associated with xylem vessels, (ii) contain a very large number of plastids which are devoid of starch grains, and (iii) contain several different forms of cytoplasmic crystals. One form of the crystal is associated with a large number of "spiny" vesicles. The possible role of these features, especially the crystals, in the giant cell response of lima bean is discussed.

Studies of a Defective Measles Virus

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
R. M. McCombs ◽  
M. Benyesh-Melnick ◽  
J. P. Brunschwig
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Helical Structures ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Extracellular Virus ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Eosinophilic Inclusions

Measles virus is an agent that is capable of replicating in a number of different culture cells and generally causes the formation of multinucleated giant cells. As a result of infection, virus is released from the cells into the culture fluids and reinfection can be initiated by this cell-free virus. The extracellular virus has been examined by negative staining with phosphotungstic acid and has been shown to be a rather pleomorphic particle with a diameter of about 140 mμ. However, no such virus particles have been detected in thin sections of the infected cells. Rather, the only virus-induced structures present in the giant cells are eosinophilic inclusions (intracytoplasmic or intranuclear). These inclusion bodies have been shown to contain helical structures, resembling the nucleocapsid observed in negatively stained preparations.

Cell-matrix interactions in the early mouse embryo

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
A.E. Sutherland ◽  
P.G. Calarco ◽  
C.H. Damsky
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Integrin Subunit ◽  
Β1 Integrin ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Early Mouse Embryo ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Early Mouse ◽  
Cell Matrix Interactions

Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions mediated by the integrin family of receptors are critical for morphogenesis and may also play a regulatory role in differentiation during early development. We have examined the onset of expression of individual integrin subunit proteins in the early mouse embryo, and their roles in early morphogenetic events. As detected by immunoprecipitation, the α6, αV, β1, and β3 subunits are detected as early as the 4-cell stage, α5 at the hatched blastocyst stage and αl and α3 following blastocyst attachment. We tested the role of these integrins in the attachment and migratory activity of two cell populations of the early mouse embryo: the trophoblast giant cells, which invade the uterine stroma and ultimately contribute to the chorio-allantoic placenta, and the parietal endoderm, which migrates over the inner surface of the trophoblast and ultimately forms Reichert's membrane and the parietal yolk sac. Experiments were done in serum-free medium on substrates coated with laminin (Ln) and fibronectin (Fn). Trophoblast outgrowth occurs on Ln and its E8 fragment (long arm), but not on the E1’ fragment (cross region) (Figs. 1, 2 ). This outgrowth is inhibited by anti-E8, anti-Ln, and by the anti-β1 family antiserum anti-ECMR, but not by anti-αV or the function-perturbing GoH3 antibody that recognizes the α6/β1 integrin, a major Ln (E8) receptor. This suggests that trophoblast outgrowth on Ln or E8 is mediated by a different β1 integrin such as α3/β1. Early stages of trophoblast outgrowth (up to 48 hours) on Fn are inhibited by anti-Fn and by function-perturbing anti-αV antibodies, whereas at later times outgrowth becomes insensitive to anti-αV but remains sensitive to the anti-β1 family antiserum anti-ECMr, indicating that trophoblast cells modulate their interaction with Fn during outgrowth. Trophoblast outgrowth on vitronectin (Vn) is sensitive to anti-αV antibodies throughout the 5-day period examined.

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