The Baltic Finnic People in the Medieval and Pre-Modern Eastern European Slave Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-117
Author(s):  
Jukka Korpela
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
The Baltic

Raids and the kidnapping of humans in East Europe together with a late medieval and pre-modern Black Sea slave trade are well known in the scholarly literature. This kind of slave trade also extended via the Volga to Caspia and Central Asia. Besides young male slaves, there was a market for small blond boys and girls in both regions, where they were expensive luxury items. Gangs from the Volga, at least, launched raids towards the north, and it is possible that the northern kidnapping raids and the transportation of prisoners from the northern forests to Novgorod were also connected with the southern slave trade.

scholarly journals The European Green Belt: Generating Environmental Governance - Reshaping Border Areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Kortelainen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
The Baltic

The European Green Belt: Generating Environmental Governance - Reshaping Border Areas The article focuses on the European Green Belt (EGB), which refers to efforts to create a network of conservation areas along the borderline that used to divide Europe into the socialist and capitalist blocks. The EGB initiative attempts to link ecologically valuable areas as continuous ecological networks that cross the entire continent. The EGB is divided into three sub-regions: the Fennoscandian and Baltic Green Belt in the North and along the coastline of the Baltic Sea, the Central European Green Belt, and the South-Eastern European Green Belt. The EGB network is studied as a form of environmental governance, and its formation and furtherance are linked with the environmental governance discussion. In addition, the article aims to show that EGB governance is changing the meaning of the former Iron Curtain borders. The borders have been transnationalised since they have become parts of international networks seeking to develop borderless ecological zones. However, the EGB process maintains and reproduces the borders, as the process itself depends on the availability of suitable border areas.

Royal Scythians and the Slave-Trade in Herodotus' Scythia

Antichthon ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Braund
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
The North ◽  
Broad Theme ◽  
Large Background

Herodotus has a lot to say about slavery and about particular slaves and groups of slaves. The broad theme was, of course, central to his historical conception and presentation of the Persian Wars and of warfare in general, as well as being key to the contrasting nomoi whose range and significance he is concerned to explore. Against that large background, I wish to examine Herodotus' understanding of slavery and slave-trading on the north coast of the Black Sea, with a view to a fuller appreciation of his Histories and of exchange in the region. Three broad observations will assist.

scholarly journals Black Sea Baric Depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Ion Isaia
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
East Side ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
High Atmospheric Pressure

Abstract This work is meant to demonstrate that, in the special synoptic conditions, on the surface of the Black Sea, a baric depression is being formed. This depression is formed when the Black Sea's water temperature is higher than the surrounding continental ground's temperature. There are situations when the baric depression of the Black Sea occurs because of the consequences of the movement of another baric depression from the east of the Mediterranean Sea to its north-east side. Due to the high atmospheric pressure of the continental zone that's surrounding the Black Sea, the baric depression will get a retrograde movement, towards the north or northwest. Eventually, this depression occludes in the eastern continental zone of Europe or even near the Baltic Sea. During a retrograde movement of a baric depression, the atmospheric precipitations will fall in big quantities, in many situations, causing floods.

scholarly journals Understanding a continuous inland aeolian deposition: a closer look into a chronological and sedimentary record of the north-eastern European Sand Belt

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Kalińska
Keyword(s):  
Cold Climate ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
State Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North Eastern Part

Abstract A belt of inland aeolian sand sediments termed the European Sand Belt (ESB) runs throughout Europe, and its western part has gained greater attention, while attention to the eastern part has been limited. Whereas clear aeolian–paleosol sequences that reflect colder–-armer phases are known from its western part, such alternation is practically undetectable in the eastern part. This study combines the available chronological and sedimentary data from the north-eastern part of the ESB, with a special focus on the Baltic State region. Here, aeolian deposition took place between 15.9±1.0 ka and 8.5±0.5 ka, almost instantly following a deglaciation and drainage of paleolakes, and thereafter practically without longer-term stability. Lack of paleosols is likely due to the prevalence of pioneer vegetation, reflecting dry and cold climate conditions, and thus giving limited opportunity for soil development.

scholarly journals Editorial Foreword

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons.

Greek Epigraphy of the North Black Sea Coast, the Caucasus and Central Asia (1985-1990)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Yu G. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Greek Epigraphy ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Sea Coast

AbstractThis article prints and critically reviews the most important monumental and minor inscriptions discovered in a five-year period in the former USSR. It includes published materials from Olbia, Chersonesos, Kerkinitis, Bosporus, Colchis and Bactriana, and previously unpublished inscriptions from Tyras, Olbia(?) and Bosporus.

scholarly journals A fifteenth-century shipwreck with Scandinavian features from Bremen. Interpreting the Beluga ship in the context of late medieval clinker construction in northwestern Europe

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Daniel Zwick
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic

While most of this volume’s contributions trace Hanseatic influences throughout the North Atlantic, this paper examines a possible counter-influence in the shape of a medieval shipwreck discovered in Bremen in 2007, the construction of which is reminiscent of the Scandinavian shipbuilding tradition. With its radially cleft planks, inlaid wool caulking and clinkerfastenings, the wreck displays a number of features that point typologically to a vernacular Scandinavian origin. However, the planks fall into two groups outside of Scandinavia: high quality wainscot planks cut in the Baltic region in the course of the fourteenth century, and a group of locally cut timber — arguably for repairs — dating from the second quarter of the fifteenth century. This period coincides with a peak of Baltic timber export, especially wainscot for shipbuilders. Hence, the wreck is discussed within the wider context of clinker-built wrecks from this period in general and wrecks built of Baltic oak in particular. 

scholarly journals Portrait of a necessary Ponto-Baltic alliance: Polish commercial road projects towards the Balkans and the Black Sea, 1919 – 1926

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-202
Author(s):  
Florin Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polish Space ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Foreign Commerce

The economic expression of the Romanian-Polish military and political alliance undoubtedly had to be represented by the rebirth of the Baltic-Pontic commercial road, as the flow of products coming into and towards the Polish space had been artificially directed, during the 19th century, as a result of understandable political and economic interests, towards the North and the Adriatic Seas, instead of the Baltic and Black Seas. A Polish commercial road towards the Balkans obviously comprised economic, financial and strategic components. One of them referred to building an alternative to the continental routes dominated by Germany (Rhine, Main, Danube); the aim was chiefly to break a dangerous monopoly in the region of Central Europe and the Baltic area. Foreign commerce on the two relations did not enjoy, in any period between the two world wars, a spectacular evolution and never reached an important point. The arguments are based on strictly economic and financial elements: 1. Romania and Poland produced largely the same type of merchandise: there were basically similar raw materials (cereal, coal, oil), the products had a very low degree of processing, and one could earn more and more assuredly with the export type-products on traditional markets (mainly Western Europe); 2. Even if there was a great interest in a partner or a product on the other market, the transport thereof took a very long time. Between Warsaw and Bucharest there was a simple, inefficient and unsafe railroad; there was no preoccupation in the ’20s for the revamping or modernizing of the transport and service infrastructure (telephone, telegraph, post) between the two states; 3. Last, but not least, although the two states had a great number of inhabitants – and, thus, an extremely important potential for buying and consumption – the potential was strongly handicapped by the standard of living. The scanty Polish projects and investments on the Baltic – Black Sea axis have completed – and have not influenced – the general frame of Romanian – Polish relations, essentially based on political, diplomatic and military interests.

Morphostructural organization of the North-Western part of the Black Sea shelf

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
E. Mikhaylenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Tectonic Plates ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
North Western ◽  
Tectonic Origin

The article is devoted to the investigation of the morphostructure organization of the northwestern part of the Black Sea shelf and the connection of morphostructural elements with underwater canyons. In the presented material is considered the issue of the origin of underwater canyons. The valleys of the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester, and the Southern Bug are followed on the north-western shelf at a considerable distance from the shore (approximately 100-120 km). The question of the origin of the underwater canyons remains controversial. Since the underwater canyons in their main part are the continuation of large rivers, the question arises of their paleogeographic origin, but at the same time if the underwater canyons are former river valleys, then how did they find themselves at the bottom of the sea at depths of 2000 m? Consequently, we need incredible tectonic processes to hide the riverbed at such a depth. All this contradicts the formation of the Earth in Tertiary and Quaternary time. Consequently, there are reasons to believe that the underwater canyons are based on tectonic forms of relief. The analysis of the tectonic discontinuity of the Baltic Shield and other areas shows that when the shields are raised, radial split systems are formed and concentrically located to the center of the lift. This hypothesis is consistent with the theory of tectonic plates. It is likely that the same system of splits should also be formed when immersing the edge of the main platform. Thus, the most scientific one can be considered a tectonic hypothesis. The characteristic of morphostructures, analysis of their interconnection, expression in the relief, connection with underwater canyons is carried out. It was investigated that all large underwater canyons of the Black Sea shelf coincide with the isolated linear morphostructures, and, consequently, have tectonic origin.

The Original Home of the Indo-Europeans

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarl Charpentier
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
European Language ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Asiatic Origin ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
The Ideal

The question concerning the location of the original home of the Indo-Europeans—by which name is designated, not a certain race or people of which no traces have so far been found, but the peoples or tribes who did at one time speak the no longer existing Indo-European language—has at times aroused great interest and vivid discussion amongst scholars. While at one time the consensus omnium seemed to vote for an Asiatic origin of the Indo-Europeans, and even, owing to a misunderstanding of the linguistic affinities of Sanskrit, looked for their old home within the borders of India, general opinion seems, since the time of Latham, to have decided for Europe as the cradle of Indo-European-speaking peoples. But as to where in Europe the starting-point of the migrations of these tribes should be looked for no uniform opinion is so far on record. The idea, certainly impossible, that the “Urheimat” should be looked for in Germany and then probably on the southern shores of the Baltic, has long been in favour with German scholars who saw in the ideal old Teutons described by Tacitus a real counterpart of the “Indo-Germanic” ancestors; and Scandinavian archaeologists and philologists have been strongly inclined to adopt this rather fanciful theory and to look for the “Urheimat” not only in Germany but also on the Danish islands and in the southernmost province of Sweden. Other scholars looked for a centre of spread in Hungary, and this theory has quite lately been advocated in an able way by Dr. Giles. The late lamented Professor Schrader, in his sound and thoroughly critical way, tried to establish that South Russia, the rich corn-land to the north of the Black Sea, was the original home of the Indo-Europeans; but he was not quite averse to the idea that they might at one time have extended over areas to the east of that part of Europe. There are other theories as well, but they do not need to be taken into consideration here.

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