Place Names in Colophons and Notes of Yemeni Manuscripts

Place Names ◽

Manuscript Culture ◽

Transmission Of Knowledge ◽

Abstract This article points to some geographical and historical conditions of scholarship and manuscript culture in Zaydi Yemen. The place of copying is only sporadically given in the colophons of Arabic manuscripts. This is confirmed by a systematic investigation into the catalogues of the Berlin collection presented here. In particular, this article discusses the presence of place names in the colophons and notes of Yemeni manuscripts, based on an examination of 750 volumes held in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, and the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin. It reveals that manuscripts from the Zaydi tradition were copied in numerous locations, but also shows the relevance of other places with respect to the transmission of knowledge. The wide range of fifty villages and smaller towns that appear in the colophons is significant for Yemen and can be explained by the long tradition of Zaydi scholars settling in the tribal territory in villages (qarya) or settlements called hijra (pl. hijar). The result remains surprising in so far as older catalogues of Yemeni manuscripts seem to be erratic and inconsistent in providing information on places of copying.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100114529 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 180-181

Author(s):

A. Strojnik ◽

J.W. Scholl ◽

V. Bevc

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Electron Accelerator ◽

Electron Source ◽

High Brightness ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Holy Rus´

10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Kahn ◽

Mark Lipovetsky ◽

Irina Reyfman ◽

Stephanie Sandler

Keyword(s):

Core Beliefs ◽

Manuscript Culture ◽

Textual Production ◽

Wide Range ◽

Monastic Life

This chapter discusses how texts established and perpetuated a link between the spiritual grace of Kievan and Northern Rus′ and monastic life. Hagiography, homily, and prayers, written in the monasteries and incorporated into local collections, helped disseminate core beliefs about the conversion of Vladimir in Kiev and an indelible link between the territory of Rus′—already seen as a magical place in folklore—and the Orthodox faith. The chapter charts the types of national and individual stories told in the literature. Textual production remained based in monasteries and stable as a manuscript culture, but new styles of writing altered and enhanced the rhetorical character of a wide range of forms, including, hagiography, legends, tales of miracles and holy fools, and sermons.

Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics

10.5117/9789463722353 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Poh

Keyword(s):

United Nations Security Council ◽

Media Discourse ◽

Middle Ground ◽

Xi Jinping ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Chinese Characteristics ◽

Wide Range ◽

Complete Alignment ◽

Depth Interviews

The view that China has become increasingly assertive under President Xi Jinping is now a common trope in academic and media discourse. However, until the end of Xi Jinping’s first term in March 2018, China had been relatively restrained in its use of coercive economic measures. This is puzzling given the conventional belief among scholars and practitioners that sanctions are a middle ground between diplomatic and military/paramilitary action. Using a wide range of methods and data — including in-depth interviews with 76 current and former politicians, policy-makers, diplomats, and commercial actors across 12 countries and 16 cities — Sanctions with Chinese Characteristics: Rhetoric and Restraint in China’s Diplomacy examines the ways in which China had employed economic sanctions to further its political objectives, and the factors explaining China’s behaviour. This book provides a systematic investigation into the ways in which Chinese decisionmakers approached sanctions both at the United Nations Security Council and unilaterally, and shows how China’s longstanding sanctions rhetoric has had a constraining effect on its behaviour, resulting in its inability to employ sanctions in complete alignment with its immediate interests.

Present and Future Use of Fencing in the Management of Larger African Mammals

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892900030642 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 160-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Richard E. Hoare

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Ecological Knowledge ◽

Dispersal Patterns ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

Domestic Species ◽

Animal Populations ◽

African Mammals ◽

The varying reasons are outlined for needing to control the movements or otherwise manage a wide range of African animal wildlife species by means of fencing. In all cases there is an underlying conflict of interest between people and animals — principally the larger mammals. Fencing is seen as the most powerful tool in this process of land-use division, and high expectations of fences are held by people who are adversely affected by wildlife activities and similarly by many conservationists. To date the main determinants in the siting and construction of fences have been political pressure or the availability of funds; wildlife fencing is perhaps the only factor having a substantial influence on ecosystems and animal populations that has remained virtually devoid of any serious input of ecological knowledge, of systematic investigation, or of environmental legislation.The wild species requiring management are many and varied in individual size, group size, and dispersal patterns; they also exhibit an array of special behaviours when confronted with a barrier. This means that any barrier will come under very variable levels and types of challenge, and that the effects of it on the biology of both target and non-target species must be carefully considered.Research on the behaviour of animals at fences has been limited, being mostly confined to domestic species or non-African wildlife. Certainly, very little systematic investigation has been carried out to determine whether fences have achieved their objectives or been economically justified, and to what extent they have caused environmental side-effects on the population dynamics of animals or the disturbance of plant communities.Current evidence suggests that electric or power fences are an increasingly efficient way of managing wild mammals and that fencing programmes should become more deflecting than encircling. Fences create ‘hard edges’ between dissimilar forms of land-use and cause long-term inflexibility that limits planning and forecloses options. As the pressure for land becomes more and more acute, the control of wildlife with the help of fences needs to develop into a specialized field of its own, based on sounder ecological, sociological, and economic, principles than hitherto, within the expanding scope of adaptive wildlife management.

Linguistic and cultural dictionary of geographical names of great Britain and the USA

10.12737/textbook_5aaa5117aea2d9.38391683 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Сергей Гарагуля ◽

Sergey Garagulya

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Background Knowledge ◽

Place Names ◽

Universities And Colleges ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Cultural Linguistics

The dictionary is built on the principles of cultural linguistics, is a collection of culturally significant place names of great Britain and the USA included in the background knowledge of native speakers of British and American linguistic cultures, and are part of their linguistic picture of the world. It aims to reveal the contents of this toponymic vocabulary. It is addressed to students and postgraduates of philological specialties, teachers of universities and colleges, as well as a wide range of readers interested in English and onomastics

Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany

History in Africa ◽

10.2307/3171995 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 45-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stephan Bühnen

Keyword(s):

Fifteenth Century ◽

Oral Tradition ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Place Names ◽

Research Experience ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Egg Shells ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Written Sources

Written sources for the history of sub-Saharan Africa (with the exception of East Africa) only begin to appear with the inception of Arabic records from the ninth century onwards, and these are restricted to the Sahel and the northern part of the savanna belt. European sources begin in the mid-fifteenth century, first for Senegambia. They, in turn, confine themselves to the coast and its immediate hinterland, as well as the navigable courses of rivers, with few, and often vague, references to the interior. For the time before the early written sources and for those extensive areas which only much later entered the horizon of writing witnesses, other sources illuminating the past have to be traced and tapped. Among such non-written sources are the findings of anthropology and archeology, of research in oral tradition and place names. Because of their interdependence, working with different source types contributes to the reliability of results.So far little systematic use has been made of place names as a source for African history. Houis' 1958 dictum, “la toponymie ouest-africaine n'est pas encore sortie de l'oeuf,” has not yet been proven obsolete. In this paper I hope to stimulate the process of shedding the egg shells. It is intended as a short introduction to the potential historical treasures place names may yield, into their characteristics, and into some principles guiding their interpretation. With the aim at illustrating my arguments, I add examples of place names. These I have chosen from two areas which, at first sight, seem to have been selected rather randomly; southern Senegambia and Germany. In fact both areas share few features, both geographically and historically. Two reasons have led me to select them. First, they simply are the regions I know best. Secondly, the recourse to German place names is instructive, as research on place names has been undertaken there for more than a century, leading to a wide range of data and to the accumulation of rich research experience.

Chasing Intracellular Zika Virus Using Proteomics

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11090878 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 878 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pietro Scaturro ◽

Anna Lena Kastner ◽

Andreas Pichlmair

Keyword(s):

Zika Virus ◽

Host Responses ◽

Health Concern ◽

Special Focus ◽

Turnover Rates ◽

Mass Spectrometers ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Novel Technologies ◽

Flaviviruses are the most medically relevant group of arboviruses causing a wide range of diseases in humans and are associated with high mortality and morbidity, as such posing a major health concern. Viruses belonging to this family can be endemic (e.g., dengue virus), but can also cause fulminant outbreaks (e.g., West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and Zika virus). Intense research efforts in the past decades uncovered shared fundamental strategies used by flaviviruses to successfully replicate in their respective hosts. However, the distinct features contributing to the specific host and tissue tropism as well as the pathological outcomes unique to each individual flavivirus are still largely elusive. The profound footprint of individual viruses on their respective hosts can be investigated using novel technologies in the field of proteomics that have rapidly developed over the last decade. An unprecedented sensitivity and throughput of mass spectrometers, combined with the development of new sample preparation and bioinformatics analysis methods, have made the systematic investigation of virus–host interactions possible. Furthermore, the ability to assess dynamic alterations in protein abundances, protein turnover rates and post-translational modifications occurring in infected cells now offer the unique possibility to unravel complex viral perturbations induced in the infected host. In this review, we discuss the most recent contributions of mass spectrometry–based proteomic approaches in flavivirus biology with a special focus on Zika virus, and their basic and translational potential and implications in understanding and characterizing host responses to arboviral infections.

Thermal stability of N-heterocycle-stabilized iodanes – a systematic investigation

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.3762/bjoc.15.223 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 2311-2318 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Andreas Boelke ◽

Yulia A Vlasenko ◽

Mekhman S Yusubov ◽

Boris J Nachtsheim ◽

Pavel S Postnikov

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Wide Range ◽

C Decomposition ◽

Thermal Stability Of ◽

Peak Decomposition

The thermal stability of pseudocyclic and cyclic N-heterocycle-stabilized (hydroxy)aryl- and mesityl(aryl)-λ3-iodanes (NHIs) through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is investigated. Peak decomposition temperatures (T peak) were observed within a wide range between 120 and 270 °C. Decomposition enthalpies (ΔH dec) varied from −29.81 to 141.13 kJ/mol. A direct comparison between pseudocyclic and cyclic NHIs revealed high T peak but also higher ΔH dec values for the latter ones. NHIs bearing N-heterocycles with a high N/C-ratio such as triazoles show among the lowest T peak and the highest ΔH dec values. A comparison of NHIs with known (pseudo)cyclic benziodoxolones is made and we further correlated their thermal stability with reactivity in a model oxygenation.

The Thomson Synthesis of (–)-GB17

Organic Synthesis ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190200794.003.0096 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Douglass F. Taber

Keyword(s):

Michael Addition ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Addition Product ◽

Unsaturated Ester ◽

Wide Range ◽

Stereogenic Centers ◽

Northwestern University ◽

Convergent Assembly ◽

Stereogenic Center

(–)-GB17 3 is one of the Galbulimima alkaloids, a family that shows a wide range of interesting physiological activity. Regan J. Thomson of Northwestern University devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2481) a convergent assembly of 3, a key step of which was the intramolecular Michael cyclization of 1 to 2. The hydroxy aldehyde 6 was prepared by alkylation of the dithiane 4 with 5, followed by hydrolysis. The preparation of 9, by condensation of 8 with 7 followed by hydrogenation and protection, had been reported by Lhommet. Condensation of 9 with the linchpin reagent 10 gave an intermediate keto phosphonate, which was combined with 6 to give, after oxidation, the aldehyde 1. Two new stereogenic centers are created in the course of the cyclization of 1. The authors found that the TFA salt 11 of the Hayashi catalyst delivered 2 with high diastereocontrol. Control experiments showed that the buttressing effect of the dithiane was required for the cyclization. The authors then explored the next intramolecular Michael cyclization of 13 to 14. In this cyclization, the stereogenic center at 6 is in jeopardy by elimination and readdition. Cyclization of the trans unsaturated ester led to the wrong diastereomer of 14, but cyclization of the cis ester 13, prepared by the Still-Gennari protocol, cleanly gave the desired diastereomer. The reaction worked best with the free amine. Under the conditions of the reaction the Michael addition product spontaneously cyclized to the lactam 14. The ketone of 14 was selectively enolized, then converted to its enol triflate, which under Pd-mediated reduction gave the alkene 15. Alkylation of 15 with 16 predominantly gave the diene 18. Hydrolysis of the dithiane to the ketone followed by reduction gave mainly the desired equatorial alcohol, which was cleaved oxidatively to (–)-GB17 3. Although there have been many isolated reports of the utility of intramolecular Michael addition as a synthetic method, there has been little systematic investigation. The optimization studies that are the heart of this work are a welcome addition.

Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science Crystal Engineering and Materials ◽

Structural insights intoM2O–Al2O3–WO3(M= Na, K) system by electron diffraction tomography

10.1107/s2052520615007994 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 349-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Iryna Andrusenko ◽

Yaşar Krysiak ◽

Enrico Mugnaioli ◽

Tatiana E. Gorelik ◽

Diana Nihtianova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Large Cell ◽

Electron Diffraction Data ◽

Diffraction Tomography ◽

Structure Investigation ◽

X Ray ◽

Cell Parameters ◽

TheM2O–Al2O3–WO3(M= alkaline metals) system has attracted the attention of the scientific community because some of its members showed potential applications as single crystalline media for tunable solid-state lasers. These materials behave as promising laser host materials due to their high and continuous transparency in the wide range of the near-IR region. A systematic investigation of these phases is nonetheless hampered because it is impossible to produce large crystals and only in a few cases a pure synthetic product can be achieved. Despite substantial advances in X-ray powder diffraction methods, structure investigation on nanoscale is still challenging, especially when the sample is polycrystalline and the structures are affected by pseudo-symmetry. Electron diffraction has the advantage of collecting data from single nanoscopic crystals, but it is frequently limited by incompleteness and dynamical effects. Automated diffraction tomography (ADT) recently emerged as an alternative approach able to collect more complete three-dimensional electron diffraction data and at the same time to significantly reduce dynamical scattering. ADT data have been shown to be suitable forabinitiostructure solution of phases with large cell parameters, and for detecting pseudo-symmetry that was undetected in X-ray powder data. In this work we present the structure investigation of two hitherto undetermined compounds, K5Al(W3O11)2and NaAl(WO4)2, by a combination of electron diffraction tomography and precession electron diffraction. We also stress how electron diffraction tomography can be used to obtain direct information about symmetry and pseudo-symmetry for nanocrystalline phases, even when available only in polyphasic mixtures.