Testing the Egocentric Mirror-Rotation Hypothesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Muelenz ◽  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Heiko Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Mirror Surface ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
The Law ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
As If

AbstractAlthough observers know about the law of reflection, their intuitive understanding of spatial locations in mirrors is often erroneous. Hecht et al. (2005) proposed a two-stage mirror-rotation hypothesis to explain these misconceptions. The hypothesis involves an egocentric bias to the effect that observers behave as if the mirror surface were rotated by about 2° to be more orthogonal than is the case. We test four variants of the hypothesis, which differ depending on whether the virtual world, the mirror, or both are taken to be rotated. We devised an experimental setup that allowed us to distinguish between these variants. Our results confirm that the virtual world — and only the virtual world — is being rotated. Observers had to perform a localization task, using a mirror that was either fronto-parallel or rotated opposite the direction of the predicted effect. We were thus able to compensate for the effect. The positions of objects in mirrors were perceived in accordance with the erroneous conception that the virtual world behind the mirror is slightly rotated and that the reconstruction is based on the non-rotated fronto-parallel mirror. A covert rotation of the mirror by about 2° against the predicted effect was able to compensate for the placement error.

Rereading Rape in the Critical Canon

differences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-160
Author(s):  
Erin A. Spampinato
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Criminal Conduct ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
As If ◽  
Physical Outcomes

This essay identifies what the author terms “adjudicative reading,” a tendency in literary criticism to read novels depicting sexual violence as if in a court of law. Adjudicative reading tracks characters’ motivations and the physical outcomes of their actions as if novels can offer evidence, or lack thereof, of criminal conduct. This legalistic style of criticism not only ignores the fictionality of incidences of rape in novels, but it replicates the prejudices inherent in historical rape law by centering the experiences of the accused character over and against the harm caused to the fictional victim of rape. By contrast, the “capacious” conception of rape proposed here refuses to locate rape in a particular bodily act (as the law does), rejects the yoking of rape’s harms to a particular gender, and understands various forms of violence as equally serious (rather than creating a hierarchy of sexual assault, as current legal conceptions tend to do).

scholarly journals JUDICIAL UNCERTAINTIES CONCERNING TERRITORIAL SEA DELIMITATION UNDER ARTICLE 15 OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Lando
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
International Tribunals ◽  
The Law ◽  
Special Circumstances

AbstractRecent international jurisprudence has shown considerable uncertainty with regard to the delimitation of the territorial sea. While international tribunals endorse a two-stage approach to territorial sea delimitation, there is a lack of judicial consensus on the practical implementation of such an approach. This article argues that the rule-exception relationship between equidistance and special circumstances, as reflected in the drafting history of LOSC Article 15 and in jurisprudence prior to 2007, should inform the delimitation of the territorial sea. Cases since 2007 which have strayed from the earlier jurisprudence on LOSC Article 15, should be seen as a misconstruction of the law applicable to territorial sea delimitation.

scholarly journals PREWEDDING PHOTO PROCESSION AND THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN THEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Aulil Amri
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marriage Contract ◽  
The Law ◽  
Husband And Wife ◽  
As If

In Islamic law, pre-wedding photos have not been regulated in detail. However, pre-wedding photo activities have become commonplace by the community. It becomes a problem when pre-wedding is currently done with an intimate scene, usually the prospective bride uses sexy clothes and is also not accompanied by her mahram when doing pre-wedding photos. Even though there have been many fatwas and studies on the limits of permissibility and prohibition in the pre-wedding procession.The results show that the pre-wedding procession that is carried out by the community in terms of poses, clothes, and also assistance in accordance with Islamic law, the law is permissible. However, it often happens in the community to take photos before the marriage contract with scenes as if they are legally husband and wife and the bride's family knows without prohibiting, directing, and guiding them according to Islamic teachings. In this case the role of the family is very important, we as parents must understand the basis of religious knowledge and how to instill religious values in our children since childhood is the key to this problem dilemma.

opinion. It surely makes more sense to construe the words ‘so liable’ in s2(1) as merely referring to the general existence of damages under s2(1), which had formerly only existed in respect of fraudulent misrepresentation rather than as importing all the rules of fraud into what is, at root, a negligence action. In Smith New Court Ltd v Citibank NA, Lord Steyn at the very least raised a critical eyebrow. ‘The question is whether the rather loose wording of [s 2(1)] compels the court to treat a person who was morally innocent as if he was guilty of fraud when it comes to the measure of damages. There has been trenchant academic criticism of the Royscott case: see Richard Hooley ... (1991) 107 LQR 547. Since this point does not directly arise in the present case, I express no concluded view on the correctness of the decision in Royscott’. Of course, fact that fraud rules on damages and remoteness of loss apply to an action under s2(1) does not mean that all the rules applicable to actions for deceit are also applicable. For example, there may be different rules for the purposes of limitation of actions. Much of the law in relation to damages for fraudulent and negligent misrepresentations have been reviewed recently by the House of Lords in Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank NA (originally Scrimgeour Vickers Ltd and Another). The case concerned the losses caused by the dramatic fall in

1995 ◽  
pp. 717-717
Keyword(s):  
House Of Lords ◽  
General Existence ◽  
The Law ◽  
Limitation Of Actions ◽  
Dramatic Fall ◽  
As If

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Alexander Sarch
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Legal Fiction ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Fictions ◽  
As If

The conclusion of Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t provides an overview of the main takeaways from the book. At its broadest, this is a book about a common legal fiction: the criminal law’s practice of pretending we know what we don’t. Maybe one instinctively feels scandalized by legal fictions. It’s natural to want the law to be honest and accurate. Nonetheless, this book has tried to give reasons not to be so worried and actually get on board with the kind of legal fiction at issue here. The book has argued that equal culpability imputation involves a justified fiction that promotes valuable aims. At least when properly constrained, it is justified for the law to treat you as if you had certain culpability-relevant mental states (like knowledge of inculpatory facts or awareness of risks) that you didn’t literally possess. What justifies it? The same purposes the criminal law generally serves: protecting our core interests, rights, and values.

scholarly journals Research on Two-stage Order Picking Sequencing for Intensive Shelf

2019 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Xue Tian ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Jianglong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Order Picking ◽  
Storage Space ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Stage Order ◽  
Waiting Cost ◽  
The Law

The increasingly usage of Intensive shelves, greatly increase the utilization of storage space, but also is more demanding on order picking time . Based on the storage layout of intensive mobile shelves, this paper combines the time cost of shelf movement with the moving distance under the guidance of seeking global optimum. Transform the single order picking process into TSP problem, while considering the picking process. The waiting cost of the order, and the minimum of the picking cost and the waiting cost of the whole batch of orders requiring shelf movement, to establish a two-stage mathematical model of the order picking order. Then, the algorithm for solving the model is designed, and the simulation is carried out by numerical examples to illustrate the law and characteristics of the problem more vividly, in order to provide reference and reference for the order picking activities of intensive mobile shelves.

Persons Subject To Liability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Fairgrieve ◽  
Richard Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Brand Name ◽  
The Law ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
As If

There is ample room for debate as to the category of persons who should be required to assume responsibility for damage caused by a defective product. The most obvious is the producer or manufacturer for usually they will have actively created the defect or at least have failed to eliminate it. However, in recognition of the fact that not all such producers will be solvent, readily identifiable, and available to be sued, it is widely recognized that others should also be potentially liable. The most obvious is the commercial importer and distributor of a defective product since in the absence of such liability an injured claimant would be left with the alternative of suing in a foreign jurisdiction. Secondly, there is the case of own-brand products. As the Law Commissions observed, many commercial organizations ‘sell products under their brand name as if they themselves had produced them, although the products were in fact made by their suppliers’.

scholarly journals Historic income versus inflation-adjusted income in the dividend decision

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Du Plessis ◽  
A. A. Archer ◽  
J. F. Affleck-Graves
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
A Company ◽  
As If

An attempt is made to determine to what extent companies take into account the effects of inflation in formulating their dividend decisions. The research design incorporates a two-stage regression approach which permits a determination of the incremental explanatory power of collinear variables. The research findings suggest that dividend decisions are best explained in terms of historic earnings. It therefore appears as if management does not take the effects of inflation into account in formulating dividend policy. This could have serious implications for the survival of a company because it could result in a real dividend cover of less than one.

Précis of a Lecture on the Married Women'S Property Acts 1870 and 1882

1933 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
David Houseman
Keyword(s):  
Married Woman ◽  
Unmarried Woman ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Married Women's Property Acts ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Law ◽  
Assurance Contracts ◽  
As If

The law which governs life assurance contracts, their formation and their execution is, to a very large extent, the same law as that which governs mercantile contracts generally. The titles to life policies are affected by the law of contract, of mortgage, of partnership, and so on. There are, however, some legal principles and statutory provisions which affect life assurance alone, and among them are the following sections in the Married Women's Property Acts, 1870 and 1882.Married Women's Property Act, 1870, Section 10.A married woman may effect a policy of insurance upon her own life or the life of her husband for her separate use, and the same and all benefit thereof, if expressed on the face of it to be so effected, shall enure accordingly, and the contract in such policy shall be as valid as if made with an unmarried woman.

scholarly journals Truth, knowledge, and the standard of proof in criminal law

Synthese ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 197 (12) ◽  
pp. 5253-5286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Decision Under Risk ◽  
Standard Of Proof ◽  
The Law ◽  
Practical Question ◽  
As If

AbstractCould it be right to convict and punish defendants using only statistical evidence? In this paper, I argue that it is not and explain why it would be wrong. This is difficult to do because there is a powerful argument for thinking that we should convict and punish defendants using statistical evidence. It looks as if the relevant cases are cases of decision under risk and it seems we know what we should do in such cases (i.e., maximize expected value). Given some standard assumptions about the values at stake, the case for convicting and punishing using statistical evidence seems solid. In trying to show where this argument goes wrong, I shall argue (against Lockeans, reliabilists, and others) that beliefs supported only by statistical evidence are epistemically defective and (against Enoch, Fisher, and Spectre) that these epistemic considerations should matter to the law. To solve the puzzle about the role of statistical evidence in the law, we need to revise some commonly held assumptions about epistemic value and defend the relevance of epistemology to this practical question.

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