Music Tempo and Perception of Time: Musically Trained vs Nontrained Individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Miria N. Plastira ◽  
Marios N. Avraamides
Keyword(s):  
Musical Training ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Equal Duration ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Slow Tempo

Abstract In this experiment we explored the effect of music tempo on the perception of time. Musically trained and nontrained participants carried out a reproduction task with music clips of various durations and tempos. Results revealed that the reproduced durations were longer for fast-tempo music clips than for slow-tempo music clips of equal duration. In addition, short clips were more accurately reproduced compared to longer stimuli. Notably, the error in reproducing the duration of a stimulus was overall lower for musically trained than nontrained participants, but more so for short than long clips. Finally, the accuracy in estimating the duration of the music clips correlated positively with years of musical training, further suggesting that musical training is a critical variable for time estimation.

scholarly journals Effect of Tempo on Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythms in Dual-Task Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihan Xu ◽  
Yanna Ren ◽  
Yosuke Misaki ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Sa Lu
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Temporal Expectation ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Visual Rhythm ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
Dual Task Interference

Temporal expectation is the ability to focus attention at a particular moment in time to optimize performance, which has been shown to be driven by regular rhythms. However, whether the rhythm-based temporal expectations rely upon automatic processing or require the involvement of controlled processing has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether the mechanism is affected by tempo remains unknown. To investigate this research question, the present study used a dual-task procedure. In a single task, the participants were instructed to respond to a visual target preceded by a regular or an irregular visual rhythm under a fast (500 ms) or slow (3,500 ms) tempo. The dual-task simultaneously combined a working memory (WM) task. The results showed temporal expectation effects in which the participants responded faster to the regular than to the irregular conditions in a single task. Moreover, this effect persisted under dual-task interference in the fast tempo condition but was impaired in the slow tempo condition. These results revealed that rhythmic temporal expectation induced by fast tempo was dependent on automatic processing. However, compared with the faster tempo, temporal expectation driven by a slower tempo might involve more controlled processing.

scholarly journals Differences between Tempos of Step Error and Postural Sway in the Stipulated Tempo Step Test for Children and Their Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Hiroki Aoki ◽  
Shin-ichi Demura ◽  
Kenji Takahashi ◽  
Hiroshi Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Total Path Length ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
Slow Tempo

Recently, to evaluate dynamic balance ability, a stipulated tempo step test has been developed, and a step error between tempo and contact time of feet has been used as an evaluation variable. The step error, postural sway, and their relationships may differ between the slow tempo (40 bpm) and fast tempo (120 bpm). This study aimed to examine the aforementioned problem with 62 participant children (30 boys and 32 girls). The step error and postural sway variables (X-axis path length, Y-axis path length, total path length, peripheral area, and rectangular area) during stepping while matching both tempos were measured. Means of one minute and three intervals (0–20 sec, 20–40 sec, and 40–60 sec) for each variable were calculated in both tempos. The results of the paired t-test showed that means of all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo. In the multiple comparison tests after the results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, the means of three intervals in all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo; the means of the sway variables, excluding that of the X-axis path length, in the 40 bpm tempo were larger in the 0–20 sec interval than in the 20–40 sec interval or the 40–60 sec interval. Correlations between step errors and those between the step error and sway variables of both tempos were insignificant or under moderation. The correlations between the step error and sway variables in both tempos were insignificant or significant but low, and those among sway variables were high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths. The relationship between both axis path lengths differed according to the tempo. In conclusion, in the case of the stipulated tempo step test targeting children, the slow tempo has a greater step error and postural sway than the fast tempo, and the sway in the early step stage is greater in the slow tempo. The relationships between step errors and between the step error and sway variables of both tempos are low; hence, the ability related to the test may differ in both tempos. The relationships among sway variables in both tempos are high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths.

Influence of Reflection-Impulsivity and Cognitive Style on Time Estimation under Different Ambient Conditions

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Davidson ◽  
William J. House
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
Reflection Impulsivity

120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsivity with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient condition had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations', this requires further research.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rhythm Training on Tennis Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Söğüt ◽  
Sadettin Kirazci ◽  
Feza Korkusuz
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Training Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Slow Tempo

The Effects of Rhythm Training on Tennis PerformanceRhythm training is an integral part of sports. The purposes of the study were to analyze the effects of rhythm training on tennis performance and rhytmic competence of tennis players, to compare the improvement levels of tennis specific and general rhythm training and to examine the effects of shorter and longer tempos on rhythmic competence. Thirty university students whose mean score of International Tennis Number (ITN) was 7.3 (±0.9) were divided randomly into three sub-groups: Tennis Group, General Rhythm Training Group and Tennis-Specific Rhythm Training Group. The experimental procedure lasted 8 weeks. During this period, all groups had the same tennis training twice a week. The Tennis Group had regular tennis training sessions. In addition to regular tennis training sessions, the General Rhythm Training Group followed the general rhythm training sessions and the Tennis-Specific Rhythm Training Group had tennis-specific rhythm training. The measurement instruments were ITN, Rhythmic Competence Analysis Test and Untimed Consecutive Rally Test. The results indicated that participation in tennis-specific or general rhythm training resulted in progress in tennis playing levels, forehand consistency performance and rhythmic competence of the participants. On the other hand, attendance to the regular 8-week tennis training was enough to solely increase the tennis playing level but not sufficient to develop forehand consistency performance and rhythmic competence. Although the participants in the TRTG had better improvement scores than the ones in the GRTG, no significant difference was found between the rhythm training groups. The results also revealed that participants exhibited higher rhythmic competence scores on fast tempo compared to slow tempo.

On the Relation between Time Perception and the Timing of Motor Action: Evidence for a Temporal Oscillator Controlling the Timing of Movement

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman ◽  
Andrew Faulkner ◽  
Peter L. N. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Characteristic Frequency ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Perception Of Time

Studies of time estimation have provided evidence that human time perception is determined by an internal clock containing a temporal oscillator and have also provided estimates of the frequency of this oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1992; Treisman & Brogan, 1992). These estimates were based on the observation that when the intervals to be estimated are accompanied by auditory clicks that recur at certain critical rates, perturbations in time estimation occur. To test the hypothesis that the mechanisms that underlie the perception of time and those that control the timing of motor performance are similar, analogous experiments were performed on motor timing, with the object of seeing whether evidence for a clock would be obtained and if so whether its properties resemble those of the time perception clock. The prediction was made that perturbations in motor timing would be seen at the same or similar critical auditory click rates. The experiments examined choice reaction time and typing. The results support the hypothesis that a temporal oscillator paces motor performance and that this oscillator is similar to the oscillator underlying time perception. They also provide an estimate of the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

scholarly journals Causal Role of Beta Oscillations in Time Estimation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wiener ◽  
Alomi Parikh ◽  
Arielle Krakow ◽  
H. Branch Coslett
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Perception Of Time

AbstractThe neural mechanisms underlying time perception are of vital importance to a comprehensive understanding of behavior and cognition. Recent work has pointed to a supramodal role for beta oscillations in coordinating endogenous timing mechanisms for the purpose of measuring temporal intervals. However, the majority of this work has employed paradigms relying on timed motor responses, which are confounded by beta’s established role in motor movement. Further, no study to date has tested if the alteration of beta oscillations subsequently impacts timing. Here, we address these concerns and demonstrate for the first time a causal connection between beta oscillations and timing. To accomplish this, we first re-analyzed two, separate EEG datasets from psychophysical experiments (Wiener, et al. 2012; 2015) demonstrating that beta oscillations are associated with the retention and comparison of a memory standard for duration, and that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right supramarginal gyrus leads to an increase in midline beta power during the encoding of a temporal interval, corresponding with a longer perceived interval of time. Next, we conducted a study of 20 healthy human participants using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), over frontocentral cortex, at alpha (10Hz) and beta (20Hz) frequencies, during a visual temporal bisection task, demonstrating that beta stimulation exclusively shifts the perception of time such that stimuli are reported as longer in length, while preserving precision. Finally, we decomposed trial-by-trial choice data with a drift diffusion model of decision making and temporal encoding that reveals the shift in timing is caused by a change in the starting point of accumulation, rather than the drift rate or threshold. Our results provide causal evidence of beta’s involvement in the perception of time, and point to a specific role for beta oscillations in the encoding and retention of memory for temporal intervals.

scholarly journals Differences in perceived duration between plausible biological and non-biological stimuli

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Martinatti Giorjiani ◽  
Claudinei Eduardo Biazoli ◽  
Marcelo S. Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Biological Motion ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Perception Of Time

AbstractVisual motion stimuli can sometimes distort our perception of time. This effect is dependent on the apparent speed of the moving stimulus, where faster stimuli are usually perceived lasting longer than slower stimuli. Although it has been shown that neural and cognitive processing of biological motion stimuli differ from non-biological motion stimuli, no study has yet investigated whether perceived durations of biological stimuli differ from non-biological stimuli across different speeds. Here, a prospective temporal reproduction task was used to assess that question. Biological motion stimuli consisted in a human silhouette running in place. Non-biological motion stimuli consisted in a rectangle moving in a pendular way. Amount and plausibility of movement for each stimulus and frame-rate (speed) were evaluated by an independent group of participants. Although amount of movement was positively correlated to frame rate, movie clips involving biological motion stimuli were judged to last longer than non-biological motion stimuli only at frame rates in which movement was rated as plausible. These results suggest that plausible representations of biomechanical movement induce additional temporal distortions to those modulated by increases in stimulus speed. Moreover, most studies that have reported neural and cognitive differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli acquired neurophysiological data using fMRI. The present study aimed additionally to report differences in the processing of biological and non-biological motion stimuli across different speeds using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a less costly and portable form of neurophysiological data acquisition.

Physiological effects of a technology-based music-making program in skilled nursing residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Brigid Lyons, BS, CTRS ◽  
Rhonda Nelson, PhD, CTRS ◽  
Pei-Chun Hsieh, PhD, CTRS
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Recreation Therapy ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Slow Tempo

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a technology-based music-making intervention (the Beamz) in elevating heart rate and producing a relaxation response in skilled nursing home residents. Using a quasi-experimental counterbalanced design, results indicated that this brief intervention produced a statistically significant elevation in heart rate and systolic blood pressure when played at a fast tempo. Heart rate was also significantly elevated when slow tempo music was used. In addition, participants reported a statistically lower level of relaxation following the slow tempo session and expressed that they found this new activity intervention enjoyable. Implications of findings and future research possibilities using technology-based music-making interventions in recreation therapy practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Music Pitch and Tempo on the Behaviour of Kennelled Dogs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Veronica Amaya ◽  
Kris Descovich ◽  
Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Structural Rules ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
And Control

Confinement can be stressful for some dogs and this can lead to behavioural issues and poor welfare. A key component of the stress response is behavioural arousal, characterised by increased alertness and sensory sensitivity. This makes behavioural observations a useful tool to assess stress, as they provide insight into an animal’s internal state. Auditory enrichment has been shown to reduce arousal-related behaviour in dogs, but it is not clear if specific characteristics of a music track, such as tempo and/or pitch, produce these effects. The aim of this study was to compare behavioural responses of dogs to music tracks played with different characteristics (high pitch, low pitch, fast tempo, and slow tempo), as well as white noise and a control. Pitch and tempo modifications were applied to ten piano music songs and the six treatments (four different treatment-song combinations, white noise, and control) were presented daily, for ten minutes each, to ten dogs over ten days. Behavioural changes seemed to be driven by low-pitch tracks, which increased the level of alertness of the dogs. These findings could be related to the Morton’s motivations-structural rules: harsh, low frequency vocalisations signal aggressive motivations in mammals. Dogs may have perceived low-pitch tracks as more unsettling and were therefore more active and alert when listening to them.

A stressful task is when to turn off the music: Effect of music on task performance mediated by cognitive effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562199602
Author(s):  
Ana Arboleda ◽  
Christian Arroyo ◽  
Brayan Rodriguez ◽  
Carlos Arce-Lopera
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Web Interface ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Stressful Task ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
And Task

Studies on the effect of music on task performance are contradictory about this relationship’s direction and valence. Task characteristics may be accounting for these inconclusive findings. Thus, this study employs effort to mediate music’s effect on task performance (objective and perceived) under a stressful decision-making process. This is a between-group experiment with three conditions: slow-tempo music, fast-tempo music, or no music. We designed a computer web interface, where participants did a stressful task. Results demonstrated that participants made a strong effort under the conditions with music. Hence, turning the music off under stressful activities is favorable in terms of performance. The article contributes to understanding the interaction between music and task performance, expanding the discussion within a stressful task.

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