[i] is Lighter and More Greenish Than [o]: Intrinsic Association Between Vowel Sounds and Colors

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Woong Kim ◽  
Hosung Nam ◽  
Chai-Youn Kim
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Phonetic Features

It has recently been reported in the synesthesia literature that graphemes sharing the same phonetic feature tend to induce similar synesthetic colors. In the present study, we investigated whether phonetic properties are associated with colors in a specific manner among the general population, even when other visual and linguistic features of graphemes are removed. To test this hypothesis, we presented vowel sounds synthesized by systematically manipulating the position of the tongue body’s center. Participants were asked to choose a color after hearing each sound. Results from the main experiment showed that lightness and chromaticity of matched colors exhibited systematic variations along the two axes of the position of the tongue body’s center. Some non-random associations between vowel sounds and colors remained effective with pitch and intensity of the sounds equalized in the control experiment, which suggests that other acoustic factors such as inherent pitch of vowels cannot solely account for the current results. Taken together, these results imply that the association between phonetic features and colors is not random, and this synesthesia-like association is shared by people in the general population.

scholarly journals Continuity or Discontinuity – the Case of Macedonian Phonetics

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Irena Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
East European ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Phonetic Convergence ◽  
Phonetic Features

Continuity or Discontinuity – the Case of Macedonian PhoneticsThe article presents its principal topic of the continuity of linguistic phenomena based on the material of Macedonian phonetics, treated as a constituent of south-east European phonetics, and not as an element of the Slavic world. It provides, firstly, a static perspective, produced by enumerating typologically relevant features. Seen from this perspective, Macedonian phonetics is a component of the Central Balkanic area. Secondly, emphasis has been put on processes of phonetic convergence and their differences from those of grammatical convergence. These difference account for the instability of phonetic features, or in any case their generally lesser stability compared to morphosyntactic features, but on the other hand also for the possibility for some phenomena to survive in small areas, in a few dialects, and the possibility for linguistic features to reappear, which stems from alternating cross-dialectal interference. The Macedonian language territory abounds in such situations due to its multi-ethnicity, which is greater here than anywhere else in the Balkans. Particular in this respect is the area of Aegean Macedonia, where Slavic dialects are “protected” from the influence of the literary norm – albeit in the case of Macedonian even the realisation of the literary norm is not entirely stable in terms of phonetics.Ciągłość czy jej brak – casus macedońskiej fonetykiNadrzędny temat dotyczący ciągłości zjawisk przedstawiony został na materiale macedońskiej fonetyki. Fonetyka macedońska została rozpatrzona jako składnik fonetyki Europy południowo-wschodniej, a nie jako element świata słowiańskiego. Przedstawiono, po pierwsze, obraz statyczny, wynikający z wyliczania relewantnych typologicznie cech. Ten obraz klasyfikuje fonetykę macedońską jako składnik centralnego obszaru bałkańskiego. Po drugie, położono akcent na przebieg procesów konwergencyjnych w zakresie fonetyki i na różnice w stosunku do takich procesów w zakresie gramatyki. Wynika z nich: nietrwałość cech fonetycznych, a w każdym razie ogólnie mniejsza trwałość cech fonetycznych niż cech morfo-składniowych, ale też możliwość przetrwania pewnych zjawisk na małych obszarach, w paru gwarach, możliwość powracania cech fonetycznych, co wynika z naprzemiennej interferencji międzydialektalnej. Terytorium języka macedońskiego obfituje w takie sytuacje ze względu na większą multietniczność niż gdziekolwiek indziej na Bałkanach. Szczególny pod tym względem jest obszar Macedonii Egejskiej, gdzie dialekty słowiańskie są „zabezpieczone” przed działaniem normy literackiej. Chociaż w wypadku języka macedońskiego nawet realizacja normy literackiej pod względem fonetycznym nie jest całkiem stabilna.

scholarly journals Calibration of consonant perception to room reverberation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Vlahou ◽  
Kanako Ueno ◽  
Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham ◽  
Norbert Kopčo
Keyword(s):  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Phonetic Categories ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Small Advantage

AbstractPurposeWe examined how consonant perception is affected by a preceding speech carrier simulated in the same or a different room, for a broad range of consonants. Carrier room, carrier length, and carrier length/target room uncertainty were manipulated. A phonetic feature analysis tested which phonetic categories are most influenced by the acoustic context of the carrier.MethodTwo experiments were performed, each with 9 participants. Targets consisted of vowel-consonant (VC) syllables presented in one of 2 strongly reverberant rooms, preceded by a VC carrier presented either in the same room, a different reverberant room, or an anechoic room. In Experiment 1 the carrier length and the target room randomly varied from trial to trial while in Experiment 2 they were fixed within blocks of trials.ResultsCompared to the no-carrier condition, a consistent carrier provided only a small advantage for consonant perception, whereas inconsistent carriers disrupted performance significantly. For a different-room carrier, carrier length had an effect; performance dropped significantly in the 2-VC compared to the 4-VC carrier length. The only effect of carrier uncertainty was an overall drop in performance. Phonetic analysis showed that an inconsistent carrier significantly degraded identification of the manner of articulation, especially for stop consonants, and, in one of the rooms, also of voicing.ConclusionsCalibration of consonant perception to strong reverberation is exhibited through disruptions in perception when the room is switched. The strength of calibration varies across different consonants and phonetic features, as well as across rooms and durations of exposure to a given room.

Notion of an accent in linguistic studies

2021 ◽  
Vol IX(257) (75) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
N. O. Petrochuk
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Structural Organisation ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
The Given

The given article introduces the main areas of studying an accent. Particular attention is given to the field of linguistics, phonetics, and phonological research where an accent is not only a characteristic of an individual but also a bearer of distinctive features of the foreign speech. These features include differences on various language levels such as phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical. The linguistic and non-linguistic phonetic features are illustrated. The peculiarities in pronunciation, which include melodic arrangements of utterances, rhythmical and structural organisation of the sentence, pausation, articulations in addition to vowels' and consonants' production and their interaction in speech are described as related to linguistic features. Non-linguistic features are connected with the personality of a speaker, the listener, the situation of speech and the context. The article presents a short outline of the criteria to measure a foreign-accented speech.

Italo-Romance: Gallo-Italic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Scala
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

Gallo-Italic dialects are spoken in northern Italy, in a wide area covering Liguria, Piedmont, Lombardy, and Emilia-Romagna and some adjacent territories of Trentino, Tuscany, Le Marche, and southern Switzerland. The term Gallo-Italic was coined by Bernardino Biondelli about the middle of the 19th century and later used in a more rigorous way by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli to identify a group of dialects sharing a significant amount of linguistic features (mainly, but not only, phonetic features). However, Gallo-Italic dialects are not demarcated by a single isogloss and represent rather a group of dialects centered on a cluster of areas defined by individual isoglosses. The highest concentration of these isoglosses (cf., e.g., lenition, loss of final vowels other than -a, labialized front vowels [ø] (or [œ]) < ŏ in stressed open syllable, and [y] < ū, the fronted outcomes [i̯t]/[ʧ] < -ct-) can be found in western Lombardy and Piedmont, whereas some of them do not reach, for example, Liguria and eastern Emilia-Romagna. Such a geographical distribution of isoglosses suggests that they must have spread in northern Italy primarily from Milan or both Milan and Turin, the two main centers of innovation in this area.

Modern Judeo-Provençal as Known from Its Sole Textual Testimony: Harcanot et Barcanot (Critical Edition and Linguistic Analysis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-237
Author(s):  
Peter Nahon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Relevant Document ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theatrical Play ◽  
Phonetic Features

Abstract This study offers a linguistic description of the idiom of the Jews of the Comtat Venaissin (“Judeo-Provençal”) at the end of the 18th century, based on a critical edition of the only relevant document illustrating this language, a theatrical play in verse entitled Harcanot et Barcanot. The introduction provides a philological inventory of all known sources of “Judeo-Provençal.” The critical and variorum edition of the text, accompanied by linear glosses in English, is followed by a commentary comprising a glossary and analysis of all relevant linguistic features. It reveals, inter alia, that this language possessed words pertaining to the linguistic repertoire of French Jews since the Middle Ages; as for the phonetic features of the Jewish dialect of Provençal, their etiology is to be found in the history of the communities. The study concludes with a reassessment of the nature of linguistic variation in the dialect of the Jews of Provence.

scholarly journals Calibration of Consonant Perception to Room Reverberation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Eleni Vlahou ◽  
Kanako Ueno ◽  
Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham ◽  
Norbert Kopčo
Keyword(s):  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Target Uncertainty ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Phonetic Categories ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose We examined how consonant perception is affected by a preceding speech carrier simulated in the same or a different room, for different classes of consonants. Carrier room, carrier length, and carrier length/target room uncertainty were manipulated. A phonetic feature analysis tested which phonetic categories are influenced by the manipulations in the acoustic context of the carrier. Method Two experiments were performed, each with nine participants. Targets consisted of 10 or 16 vowel–consonant (VC) syllables presented in one of two strongly reverberant rooms, preceded by a multiple-VC carrier presented in either the same room, a different reverberant room, or an anechoic room. In Experiment 1, the carrier length and the target room randomly varied from trial to trial, whereas in Experiment 2, they were fixed within a block of trials. Results Overall, a consistent carrier provided an advantage for consonant perception compared to inconsistent carriers, whether in anechoic or differently reverberant rooms. Phonetic analysis showed that carrier inconsistency significantly degraded identification of the manner of articulation, especially for stop consonants and, in one of the rooms, also of voicing. Carrier length and carrier/target uncertainty did not affect adaptation to reverberation for individual phonetic features. The detrimental effects of anechoic and different reverberant carriers on target perception were similar. Conclusions The strength of calibration varies across different phonetic features, as well as across rooms with different levels of reverberation. Even though place of articulation is the feature that is affected by reverberation the most, it is the manner of articulation and, partially, voicing for which room adaptation is observed.

scholarly journals Coordination effort in joint action is reflected in pupil size

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil Wahn ◽  
Veera Ruuskanen ◽  
Alan Kingstone ◽  
Sebastiaan Mathot
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Physiological Correlate ◽  
Cognitively Demanding Tasks

Humans often perform visual tasks together, and when doing so, they tend to devise division of labor strategies to share the load. Implementing such strategies, however, is effortful as co-actors need to coordinate their actions. We tested if pupil size – a physiological correlate of mental effort – can detect such a coordination effort in a multiple object tracking task (MOT). Participants performed the MOT task jointly with a computer partner and either devised a division of labor strategy (main experiment) or the labor division was already pre-determined (control experiment). We observed that pupil sizes increase relative to performing the MOT task alone in the main experiment while this is not the case in the control experiment. These findings suggest that pupil size can detect a rise in coordination effort, extending the view that pupil size indexes mental effort across a wide range of cognitively demanding tasks.

scholarly journals التفخيم والترقيق في روايتي حفص عن عاصم وورش عن نافع : دراسة صوتية وتحليلية / Valorizationٌand Attenuation in theٌNarrations ofٌHafsٌof ‘Asemٌand Warsh ofٌNafi’: Descriptive and Analytical Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
شمس الجميل يوب ◽  
رازان صابر شوان
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Phonetic Feature ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Modern Arabic

ملخص البحث:سعى هذا البحث من خلال المنهج الوصفي الاستقرائي القائم على وصف الظاهرة الصوتية وتحليل النتائج وإعادة تركيبها –وصياغتها من منظور علمي إلى الوقوف على ظاهرة من الظواهر الصوتية المتعلقة بالأحكام التركيبية في القرآن الكريم التي -نالت اهتمام العلماء قديماً وحديثاً، وهي التفخيم والترقيق. وتناولنا في هذا البحث وصف هذه الظاهرة معتمدين على ماوصلنا من ملاحظات علماء العربية القدامى، وما توصل إليه الباحثون المحدثون. ونلاحظ أن التفخيم والترقيق من الصفاتالمتعلقة بالصوامت والمصوتات؛ فالتفخيم صفة لازمة لأصوات الاستعلاء، وهي: "خ، ص، ض، غ، ط، ظ، ق"، وصفةعارضة في كل من ألف المد والفتحة واللام والراء، والترقيق صفة عارضة للأصوات الأخرى. وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة فيمحورين اثنين، فاهتم المحور الأول بدراسة مفهوم هذه الظاهرة عند المتقدمين من علماء اللغة وعند الدارسين المحدثين، والمعنىالاصطلاحي لهما؛ وأما المحور الثاني فعنى بدراستها في الروايتين مبينا أوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف الصوتي بين راويي القراءتين.الكلمات المفتاحية: الظاهرة الصوتية الأحكام التركيبية الرواية التفخيم الترقيق. – - - -Abstract:The study attempts to describe the Arabic phonetics phenomenon which contains in al-Quran by analyzing the findings and reassembling the phonetical forms from the scientific perspective. This is a descriptive study by which two  phonetics phenomena related to the syntactical rules of al-Quran will be analysed i.e. valorization and attenuation (التفخيم و الترقيق ). These phenomena are described by referring to the findings and views of the great traditional Arabic linguists and the modern Arabic scholars. Hence, the observation carried out by the researchers have concluded that volarization and attenuation (التفخيم و الترقيق ) are phonetic features which are based on consonants and vowels. Volarization is a pertinent phonetic feature related to the volarized consonants " خ، ص، ض، غ، ط،ظ، ق " and it is opposing the long vowel, short vowel, laam and ra’ ألف المد والفتحةواللام والراء , whereby attenuation is an opposite feature of other Arabic phonetics. Intrinsically, the study focuses on two scopes where one of them is on the concept of volarization and attenuation from the point of view of the great traditional Arabic linguists and also the moderns Arabic scholars. Whereby the other one is on the narrations of al-Quran by elucidating the phonetical similarities and differences which could be observed from the two eminent narrators of al-Quran.Keyword: phonetical phenomenon - syntactical rules – narration – volarization – attenuation.Abstrak:Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji phenomena phonetik Bahasa Arab yang terdapat di dalam al-Quran dengan menganalisa dapatan-dapatan kajian yang berdasarkan susun atur bentuk phonetic Bahasa Arab yang diperhatikan berdasarkan kajian sains. Kajian ini pada asasnya berpaksi kepada kajian deskriptif yang akan meneliti dua phenomena phonetik yang berkaitan dengan struktur syntak al-Quran iaitu; al-Tafkhim dan al-Tarqiq. Kedua-dua phenomena ini akan dikaji berdasarkan pandangan yang telah diutarakan oleh ahli-ahli Bahasa Arab yang terdahulu dan juga moden. Dari pengamatan ini dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa kedua-dua phenomena ini berpandukan kepada phonem dan bunyi. Al-Tafkhim merupakan ciri-ciri phonetik yang penting dan berkait rapat dengan phonem-phonem tafkhim iaitu kha, sad, dhad, ghyan, taa, zaa dan qaf, akan tetapi ia mempunyai sifat yang berlawanan dengan alif al-mad, al-fathah, laam dan raa. Adapun al-Tarqiq mempunyai sifat yang berlawanan dengan phonem-phonem Arab yang lain. Kajian ini dilakukan berdasarkan kepada dua pokok perbincangan yang penting di mana perbincangan pertama menumpukan kepada konsep dua phonemena phonetik ini dari sudut pandangan ahli-ahli Bahasa Arab yang terdahulu serta moden, manakala yang kedua pula menitikberatkan kajiannya di dalam dua riwayat bacaan al-Quran dengan memberi penekanan kepada ciri-ciri persamaan dan perbezaan bunyi yang digunakan oleh dua perawi atau pembaca kedua-dua riwayat tersebutKata Kunci: phenomena phonetik - ciri-ciri syntak (tatabahasa) - riwayat bacaan al-Quran - ketebalan bacaan (al-tafqim) - penipisan bacaan (al-tarqiq).

scholarly journals “Uninterpretable” cretan alphabetical inscriptions: “eteocretan” as phrygian?

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Iurii Mosenkis
Keyword(s):  
Present Author ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Alphabet ◽  
Phonetic Features

The article is devoted to an old problem of several “Eteocretan” (i.e. “true Cretan”) inscriptions in Greek alphabet, found in Classical Crete (dated to c. 6–4 c. BC), but not interpreted in Greek until the present time. Despite several hypotheses, the problem remains unsolved. However, this enigma is very important to reconstruct the ethno-linguistic map of ancient Crete as the craddle of Minoan civilization and the oldest interpretable scripts in Europe (Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A). According to a commonly accepted view, the “Eteocretan” inscriptions can be a rest of “Pre-Greek” languages of the island – despite the “Eteocretan” and the Linear A inscriptions demonstrate no common linguistic features. The present author proposes an interpretation of the “Eteocretan” language as Phrygian. The latter was a close relative to Ancient Greek, splitted from it c. 4000 BC. This hypothesis correlates with another idea of the same author – of the presence of some Phrygian phonetic features in the language of Cretan hieroglyphs. Some “satem” elements of Phrygian, Cretan hieroglyphs, and Eteocretan (the name of Praisos as possible homonym of the “satem” Indo-European name of pig) make a system. Summarizing, Eteocretan looks like Phrygian, more or less Graecianized. In some inscriptions, loaned lexical elements are Greek whereas basic lexical and grammatical elements are Phrygian. In such way, a conundrum of “Greek vs non-Greek” Eteocretan inscriptions can be solved.

scholarly journals Automation of bio-digester stirring system using locally available materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 005-013
Author(s):  
Kingsley Ogueri Chilakpu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Motor ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Better Than

An anaerobic bio-digester with electronically controlled stirring system was fabricated and tested using locally available materials. The experiment was conducted on a laboratory scale in Federal University of Technology Owerri. Cow dung obtained from an abattoir in Owerri and household biodegradable waste randomly collected from residential homes and eateries were used as the feedstock for this work. The feedstock was pre-fermented for a period of 10 days in an airtight bag before it was mixed with water in the ratio of 1:2 to form slurry that was fed into the digester. An Arduino system controlled timer with LED display screen was designed to control the on/off signal of a 2Hp electric motor powering the stirring arms. The programmable stirring timer device was set to run the electric motor for 30minutes at an interval of four hours to allow for even distribution of nutrients and microbes in the bio-digester. A control experiment was also carried out with non-automated stirring system. . It was observed that gas production in the control experiment reached its peak in fourteen days and the period was mired by fluctuating and less volume of gas production when compared to the main experiment where the gas production increased appreciably and steadily with maximum volume recorded on the tenth and eleventh day as contained in the results obtained. Model equations were generated for the two experiments and the wide variation in values of determinant factors (R2) in the two experiments is an indication that the automated stirring system with R2 = 0.97 performed better than the manually timed stirred trials with R2=0.88.

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