“They Call Them Antiḳa”. Ottoman Travellers in Italy and the Idea of Antiquities in the Early Tanzimat Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-274
Author(s):  
Luca Berardi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Ancient Monuments

Abstract During the nineteenth century, the Ottoman fashion of looking at archaeological relics, present in large quantities in the territories of the Empire, deeply changed. This paper examines the reports of three Ottoman travellers who visited European countries in the early Tanzimat period. They introduced a new conceptualization of antiquities that stemmed from the direct observation of ancient monuments and museums in Italian cities. My argument is that the experience of travelling in Italy was one of the factors that contributed to shaping the new perception of antiquities that was emerging among the Ottoman elite.

New Sources for Social and Demographic History: The Belgian Population Registers

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron P. Gutmann ◽  
Etienne van de Walle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Population Register ◽  
Exact Match ◽  
German States ◽  
Belgian Population

In 1853, the First International Statistical Congress unanimously voted a resolution recommending the establishment of population registers in every country: It is indispensable to establish in each commune a population register. Each household will occupy one page. The first inscriptions will be entered according to the information provided by the general census, and all mutations that will occur in the composition of households will be noted successively and in order. Administrative measures will provide for the assessment of changes in legal residence, in order that there may be an exact match between the persons crossed out and the new inscriptions.Such a register has existed in Belgium since 1846. No other country except Sweden, Finland, and Hungary had much experience with such documents in 1853. The resolution was nevertheless ratified in successive International Congresses, but there was no rush to implement it. Several European countries followed suit, including small German states, the Netherlands in 1856, and Italy in 1864. According to a recent United Nations survey, eleven European countries have population registers that trace their origins to the nineteenth century or before: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.

scholarly journals On the Multiplied Spectacle in Tyrtej–Za Kulisami by Cyprian Norwid

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (English Version) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Mirella Kryś
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Dramatic Works ◽  
Critical Writings

The main object of analysis in this article is the doubly understood category of theatricality, which organizes Norwid’s reflections in the dramatic diptych titled Tyrtej–Za kulisami, and to demonstrate the influence of Norwid’s experiences with theatre on the development of the category of theatricality in these dramatic works. The poet recorded his remarks about theatre in critical writings and art. This article proposes two ways of reading his plays. The first assumes that the described events are realistically motivated because they take place in the space of nineteenth-century theatres in Warsaw and other European countries. The second involves interpreting the metaphorical and parabolic senses in the diptych, with special emphasis on passages from Dedykacja.

‘Natural Heritage’ and Colonial Legacies: India in the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Vinita Damodaran
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
Taj Mahal

The article examines the ways in which the British imperial context, ideologies relating to national heritage—both cultural and natural—were not just extended but developed in a colonial context, and how they have been subsequently redefined and reconstituted in the post-colonial era. From a nineteenth-century romantic antiquarianism drawn to the ruins of a lost civilization, we can see the growth in status of scientific disciplines of archaeology and palaeontology and natural history in the colonies, and an equivalent diffusion of heritage legislation from the Indian subcontinent to East and Southern Africa and even to metropolitan Britain by men like Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, whose interest in monumental architecture led him to protect the Taj Mahal and later to take these interests to Britain where he was instrumental in helping to formulate the ancient monuments’ consolidation and amendment Act in 1913.

Political Censorship of the Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Europe

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-241
Author(s):  
Robert Justin Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
European Country ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The Press ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
End Stage

Censorship of the stage, like censorship of the printed word, was widespread and well-established in Europe in 1815. However, while prior censorship of the press was eliminated throughout Europe by 1914, European countries almost universally retained prior censorship of the stage until (and sometimes well after) World War I. England became the first major European country to abolish censorship of the press in 1695, yet Parliament systematized a formerly haphazard theatre censorship in 1737, and did not end stage censorship until 1968. Most other European countries did not eliminate press censorship until about the middle of the nineteenth century, while maintaining theatre censorship throughout the century, and typically exercised much harsher controls over the stage than over the printed word. As John Allen has noted, ‘In many times and places the drama has been subject to far greater censorship than any other form of literature or art’, reflecting governmental feelings that ‘the theatre, with its power of affecting an audience with possibly subversive emotions and ideas, is more to be feared’.

scholarly journals In-between “Swedish Gymnastics” and “Deutsche Turnkunst”: Educating “National” Citizens through Physical Education in Switzerland in the Last Decades of the Nineteenth Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Ingrid Brühwiler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Military Service ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Good Future ◽  
Important Exception

In Switzerland, physical education was as important as it was in other European countries during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Different visions of physical education were adapted to the Swiss context to promote national citizens that were strong and healthy and thus capable of protecting their fatherland. Discussions of Per Henrik Ling’s “Swedish system” and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn’s “Deutsche Turnkunst,” both of which were adapted in the francophone and the germanophone parts of Switzerland, dominated the discourse. Until the end of the nineteenth century, patriotic ideals permeated the army-ruled physical education, although methodology and health topics were discussed as well. The national and civic aims of physical education were the same for girls and boys, with one very important exception: boys were prepared for military service, whereas girls were primarily prepared to be good future mothers.

scholarly journals The argumentation in workplace accident trials. The case of the civil court of Mons (1870-1904)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Debaenst
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Argumentation ◽  
Civil Court ◽  
Hybrid Character

At the end of the nineteenth century, workplace accident trials increased significantly in number in Belgium and in other European countries. These cases are interesting, as they have a hybrid character, with a unique blend of industrial and legal argumentation. The article focuses on 293 cases from the civil court of Mons, from the period 1870 till 1904, in order to analyze this specific argumentation.

scholarly journals Феномен самоубийства в России XVIII в.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Александр Каменский
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The history of suicide in Russia, especially prior to the nineteenth century, remains understudied. While in most European countries the process of decriminalization and secularization of suicide was underway, in Russia, with the introduction of the Military Article of 1715, it was formally criminalized. On the basis of the study of more than 350 newly examined archival cases, this article examines how the transfer of suicide investigations to secular authorities also entailed secularization, while the peculiarities of the Russian judicial and investigative system, as well as lacunae in the legislation, actually led to the gradual decriminalization of suicide. At the same time, although among Russians, as well as among other peoples, a number of superstitions were associated with suicide, there is no evidence in the archival documents studied in this article of a particularly emotional perception of suicide. The phenomenon of suicide in eighteenth-century Russia, when compared to early modern Europe, did not have any significant, fundamental differences. However, the features of the Russian judicial-investigative system made this phenomenon less public, less visible and less significant for public consciousness.  

The paradoxes of urbanization: Belgian socialism and society in the belle epoque

Urban History ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Carl Strikwerda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Belle Epoque ◽  
Belgian Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Western European ◽  
Belle Époque

Although small and consequently often overlooked, Belgium none the less provides historians with an interesting case study for comparing social and economic trends among Western European countries. Belgian society in the nineteenth century was transformed by the same forces as its close neighbours – Britain, France and Germany. Indeed, Belgium was the second country in the world to industrialize and it has long been one of the most heavily urbanized societies as well. Yet urbanization and industrialization affected Belgium in some significantly different ways than they did other Western European countries.

Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods

2021 ◽  
pp. xiv-10
Author(s):  
Stephen Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.

Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society, and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.

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