Wood anatomy of Cupressus and its relation to geographical distribution

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Román-Jordán ◽  
Luis G. Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco G. Fernández

The wood anatomy of 14 species of Cupressus was studied to determine whether there is a pattern of wood anatomical diversity between the species from the North and Central American (western) region and the Eurasian (eastern) region. Xanthocyparis vietnamensis and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis) were also studied to compare their wood anatomy, given their recent inclusion by some authors in Cupressus. The arrangement of the axial parenchyma, morphology of the transverse end walls of the axial parenchyma, presence of ray tracheids, typology of the end walls of the ray parenchyma cells and ray height support to some extent the division of Cupressus into two large groups: the American group (western region) and the Eurasian group (eastern region), as proposed in molecular phylogenetic studies. The wood anatomy of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis shares the presence of ray tracheids and the same ray typology with American Cupressus, and has the same ray height as Eurasian Cupressus. In contrast, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis shares the absence of ray tracheids and the same ray typology with Eurasian Cupressus, and has the same ray height as American Cupressus.

Author(s):  
Mariana R. Fantinati ◽  
Patricia Soffiatti ◽  
Alice Calvente

Cereinae comprises 14 genera distributed in Neotropical dry forest formations such as in the Caatingas of northeastern Brazil or in rocky outcrops in the north of southeastern Brazil. Historically, the taxonomy of the group has been very controversial, especially regarding generic circumscriptions, and phylogenetic relationships within the group are still poorly understood. To investigate the delimitation of thesubtribe and infra-subtribal relationships, we performed a phylogenetic analysis including 50 taxa representing 13 genera using one nuclear (PhyC) and four cpDNA (petL-psbE, trnL-trnT, trnS-trnG, and rpl16) regions. Our results show a monophyletic Cereinae with high support in Bayesian, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses based on combined matrices. Although our results expand the knowledge of generic relationships, we emphasize the need for further molecular phylogenetic studies combined with ecological evidence to clarify relationshipsat the more inclusive nodes of the subtribe.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony John Ilozobhie ◽  
Dominic Akam Obi

The distribution of Formation Temperature of the Fika Shale Formation within part of Borno basin from five wireline logs was investigated.  The area under studied covered about 20 by 40 kilometre square of the total land mass of the basin. The Fika shale sequence were identified at 865m to 1795m in Kinasar well, 640m to 1990m in Krumta, 980m to 1620m in Masu, 700m to 2710m in Tuma, 710m to 2220m in Wadi. The plot of the entire Formation Temperature of the study area reveals remarkable steep variations in temperature with increased range from 680C to 1280C starting from the southern eastern region to the north western region. This is possibly due to substantial temperature enhancing effects of the underlying basement complex. Interestingly, it was also observed that the minimal temperature variation occurred approximately 20C/ meter across the field and this also lays credence to the fact that the notable subsurface geothermal variation may be recent events initiated by the near- surface magmatic intrusive events which may have had adverse effects on the overlying sedimentary cover. Furthermore, it was deduced that the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation is better in the south eastern region than the north western region although the steep temperature variation of 20C/ meter within some part of the study area may perhaps reduce this possibility.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261143
Author(s):  
Jason M. Stettler ◽  
Mikel R. Stevens ◽  
Lindsey M. Meservey ◽  
W. Wesley Crump ◽  
Jed D. Grow ◽  
...  

The North American endemic genus Penstemon (Mitchell) has a recent geologic origin of ca. 3.6 million years ago (MYA) during the Pliocene/Pleistocene transition and has undergone a rapid adaptive evolutionary radiation with ca. 285 species of perennial forbs and sub-shrubs. Penstemon is divided into six subgenera occupying all North American habitats including the Arctic tundra, Central American tropical forests, alpine meadows, arid deserts, and temperate grasslands. Due to the rapid rate of diversification and speciation, previous phylogenetic studies using individual and concatenated chloroplast sequences have failed to resolve many polytomic clades. We investigated the efficacy of utilizing the plastid genomes (plastomes) of 29 species in the Lamiales order, including five newly sequenced Penstemon plastomes, for analyzing phylogenetic relationships and resolving problematic clades. We compared whole-plastome based phylogenies to phylogenies based on individual gene sequences (matK, ndhF, psaA, psbA, rbcL, rpoC2, and rps2) and concatenated sequences. We also We found that our whole-plastome based phylogeny had higher nodal support than all other phylogenies, which suggests that it provides greater accuracy in describing the hierarchal relationships among taxa as compared to other methods. We found that the genus Penstemon forms a monophyletic clade sister to, but separate from, the Old World taxa of the Plantaginaceae family included in our study. Our whole-plastome based phylogeny also supports the rearrangement of the Scrophulariaceae family and improves resolution of major clades and genera of the Lamiales.


2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tarolli ◽  
M. Borga ◽  
E. Morin ◽  
G. Delrieu

Abstract. This work analyses the prominent characteristics of flash flood regimes in two Mediterranean areas: the North-Western Mediterranean region, which includes Catalonia, France and Northern Italy, and the South-Eastern Mediterranean region, which includes Israel. The two regions are characterized by similarities in the hydro-meteorological monitoring infrastructure, which permits us to ensure homogeneity in the data collection procedures. The analysis is articulated into two parts. The first part is based on use of flood peak data, catchment area and occurrence date for 99 events (69 from the North-Western region and 30 from the South-Eastern region). Analysis is carried out in terms of relationship of flood peaks with catchment area and seasonality. Results show that the envelope curve for the South-Eastern region exhibits a more pronounced decreasing with catchment size with respect to the curve of the North-Western region. The differences between the two relationships reflect changes in the effects of storm coverage and hydrological characteristics between the two regions. Seasonality analysis shows that the events in the North-Western region tend to occur between August and November, whereas those in the South-Eastern area tend to occur in the period between October and May, reflecting the relevant patterns in the synoptic conditions leading to the intense precipitation events. In the second part, the focus is on the rainfall-runoff relationships for 13 selected major flash flood events (8 from the North-Western area and 5 from the South-Eastern area) for which rainfall and runoff properties are available. These flash floods are characterised in terms of climatic features of the impacted catchments, duration and amount of the generating rainfall, and runoff ratio. Results show that the rainfall duration is shorter and the rainfall depth lower in the South-Eastern region. The runoff ratios are rather low in both regions, whereas they are more variable in the South-Eastern area. No clear relationship between runoff ratio and rainfall depth is observed in the sample of floods, showing the major influence of rainfall intensity and the initial wetness condition in the runoff generation for these events.


Author(s):  
Л.Д. Тарабукина ◽  
В.И. Козлов ◽  
Д.E. Иннокентьев

Проведен анализ 11-летних временных рядов количества грозовых разрядов суммарно по территориям двух крупных областей повышенной плотности молний (более 10 раз по сравнению со значениями на окружающем пространстве): условно обозначенных как восточный регион — 40–55º с.ш., 110–140º в.д., и западный регион — 47–62º с.ш., 60–90º в.д. Дискретное разложение рядов (разрешение в 1 сутки) с помощью вейвлет-функции Мейера до 5 уровня (восточный) и 4 уровня (западный) показало смещение максимума сезонного хода грозовой активности в регионах в начало и ближе к августу из года в год с периодом около 3 лет. Периодичность в вариациях грозовой активности более выражена в Фурье-спектрах в западном регионе: 4, 7, 14 дней. Плотность молний в Северной Азии в пространстве можно описать как пояс вокруг 50º с.ш. со смещением южнее на востоке и значительном увеличении плотности в двух областях. Предложено аналитическое выражение в виде изменяющейся с долготой гауссовой функции широтного хода, суммированной с линейной функцией фонового спада общего уровня активности к северу. Параметры, входящие в гауссову функцию, представлены зависимостью плотности от долготы. Параметр широты достаточно аппроксимируется линейной функцией долготы, параметр уширения распределения по широте – суммой трех гауссовых функций. Их межгодовое изменение пренебрегалось в данном решении. Параметр, ответственный за описание пика плотности, описывается суммой двух гауссовых функций, и в их коэффициенты введена зависимость от года. Межгодовые вариации коэффициентов вторичных функций предложено представлять в виде суммы Фурье-рядов с двумя-тремя гармониками. Таким образом, получены оценки вариабельности параметров аналитического выражения широтно-долготного распределения плотности грозовых разрядов в десятилетнем масштабе In this study, we analyzed 11-year time series of lightning strokes number over two large areas with increased lightning density (more than 10 times compared with the values in the surrounding area). The so-called “eastern” region is 40–55º N, 110–140º E, and the “western” region is 47–62º N, 60–90º E. The discrete decomposition of the series (of daily resolution) using the Meyer wavelet function to fifth level (eastern) and forth level (western) showed a shift in the maximum of seasonal variation in the regions from the beginning of June to beginning of August from year to year with a period of about 3 years. The periodicity in the seasonal variations of lightning number obtained by the Fourier spectra appeared in the western region more clearly: 4, 7, 14 days. The spatial distribution of lightning density in North Asia can be described as a belt around 50º N with a more than 5 degrees latitude shift to the south in the east with significant peaks in density especially in two regions. The analytical expression is suggested in the form of a latitudinal Gaussian function varying with longitude summarized with a linear function as the background decline to the north of the general lightning activity level. Thus, estimates of the variability of the analytical expression parameters defined the latitudinal-longitudinal distribution of the lightning density on a ten-year scale were obtained.


1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Haberland

AbstractField trips in 1953-54 and 1958 and the checking of about 150 sites provide the background for these preliminary sequences. El Salvador is divided into three cultural regions. Western El Salvador is strongly linked with Guatemala and Mesoamerica while the eastern region is basically Central American. The central part of the country is heavily influenced by both of the other regions with the Mesoamerican component predominating. In the western sequence the Atiquizaya phase is connected with the Las Charcas or Providencia phases in the Guatemalan Highlands and the Cuyagualo phase with the Full Classic material at Copán. The latest complex in the western region, the Majahual phase, possibly flourished during the conquest period on the western shore. The central sequence begins with the Tovar complex about 700 B.C. and ends with the Cihuatan phase which demonstrates the Pipil domination of this region in later times. In eastern El Salvador, where archaeological knowledge begins with the footprints of La Rama at about 1500 B.C., several complexes with wares made in the Usulutan technique developed. The eastern sequence culminates in the Lower Lempa culture about A.D. 1000.


IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Ruth Moreno

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Alberto García-Iruela ◽  
Francisco García-Fernández ◽  
Lydia García-Esteban ◽  
...  

The wood anatomy of 132 species of the genera Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga was studied to determine the elements that characterise the xylem of each genus and discuss possible groupings by wood anatomy for comparison with clades established by molecular phylogeny. The presence of resin canals and ray tracheids supports the family Pinaceae, although the absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and their occasional presence in Abies and Pseudolarix weakens it. Based on wood structure, Pinaceae clearly supports division into two groups, coinciding with molecular phylogeny: Pinoideae (Cathaya-Larix-Picea-Pinus-Pseudotsuga) and Abietoideae (Abies-Cedrus-Keteleeria-Nothotsuga-Pseudolarix-Tsuga). Although differences between genera are slight in Pinoideae, the Abietoideae group presents problems such as the presence of only axial resin canals in Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and presence of traumatic radial resin canals in Cedrus. However, other features such as pitted horizontal walls and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells, indentures, scarce marginal axial parenchyma and presence of crystals in ray parenchyma strengthen the Abietoideae group.


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