Proposed Scenario for Dieback and Decline of Acer Saccharum in Northeastern U. S. A. and Southeastern Canada

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory ◽  
Mansfield W. Williams ◽  
Betty L. Wong ◽  
Gary J. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

A sequence of events is presented that may explain the reported decline of sugar maple trees in the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada. The primary factor, caused by defoliation, is a severe reduction in reserve carbohydrates, especially in roots, at the beginning of the leafless period. In this respect, la te defoliators - those that defoliate in late July and early August - are much more destructive than those that defoliate in J une because it appears that carbon is being utilised in July and August by one or more sinks about as fast as it is being assimilated photosynthetically. This, in conjunction with a loss of foliage for an extended period and limited refoliation, could result in severe carbohydrate dcpletion. Limited carbohydrate reserves may not be sufficient for normal respiratory activity during the Ieafless period, or for vernal outgrowth of embryonie shoots. Late defoliation and low carbohydrate reserves also appear to reduce the ability of the trees to acclimate to low winter temperatures; hence, cold winters could result in additional shoot die back and mortality. Other factors such as drought, atmospheric pollutants, and numerous pathogens mayaiso influence carbohydrate reserves, thus contributing to decline.

Studies on the release of sugar into the vessels of sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg J. Sauter ◽  
Werner Iten ◽  
Martin H. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Respiratory Enzymes ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenases ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Stem Segments

The release of sucrose into the vessel water of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) has been investigated with biochemical and enzyme-cytochemical methods. The amount of sucrose released into the vessels in isolated stem segments was found to be temperature-dependent. The release of sucrose also proved to be inhibited when p-chloromercuribenzoate as an inhibitor of respiratory enzymes was present in the vessels. This suggests that the sucrose release is dependent upon the respiratory activity of some cells. In the cytochemical studies much increased activity of respiratory enzymes (succinate, NAD-dependent isocitrate, and alcohol dehydrogenases) and of acid phosphatases could be demonstrated in the contact cells of the ray and axial parenchyma. Phosphatase activity was concentrated on the large pits between contact cells and vessels. These increased enzyme activities in contact cells were restricted to the time when sucrose appeared in the vessels. Since contact cells are the only cells of the ray and axial parenchyma that show peculiar pit connections with the vessels and also show increased respiratory and phosphatase activity, these cells are considered to be the specific sites of a metabolically controlled sucrose release.

scholarly journals Association of Nematodes with Dogwood Canker and Stem Malformations on Other Trees

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Frank S. Santamour ◽  
Alice Jacot McArdle
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Green Mountain ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae ◽  
Made In

Two nematodes, one stylet-bearing and allied to the Aphelenchoides fragariae complex and the non-stylet species Panagrolaimus subelongatus, were isolated from the disrupted bark on main trunks and branches of young flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) trees exhibiting symptoms of “dogwood canker” disease. Similar nematodes were isolated from burls on the trunks of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), Higan cherry (Prunus subhirtella Miq.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), whereas only the Panagrolaimus species was found in abnormal tumorous growths on the trunks of the Green Mountain cultivar of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’). Nematodes were recovered 2 months after inoculation into young dogwood stems in June, 1983 but none could be detected after the inoculated trees had been subjected to winter temperatures as low as −22°C (−4°F) even though nematodes in established cankers survived under the same conditions. Inoculations made in July, 1984 into callus tissue developed after wounding in 1983 or 1984 produced canker-like symptoms but the nematodes were not reisolated in 1985. The total number of nematodes per canker was low and older cankers often yielded no nematodes, even though the canker persisted.

Bud, root, and growth-regulator activity in Acer saccharum during the dormant season

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Taylor ◽  
E. B. Dumbroff
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Terminal Buds

Exposure of dormant sugar maple seedlings to over 2000 h of winter temperatures of 5 °C and below was required for rapid and normal growth when seedlings were transferred to a warm greenhouse and extended photoperiods. Although chilling requirements were not fully satisfied until mid-March, a resurgence of metabolic activity occurred in early February. There was a marked shift in the potential for budbreak from the axillary to the terminal buds, and a surge in root growth occurred after a period of inactivity when the ground was frozen from late December to mid-January. The water content of the buds followed a pattern similar to that of the roots. It fell to a plateau in late fall well before the soil froze but began a steady increase with the resumption of active root growth in February. Inhibitory substances present in the buds did not exhibit significant changes during the overwintering period. However, cytokinin activity was observed beginning in February at the same time that root growth and bud succulence showed upward inflections. By the beginning of April there were two distinct peaks of activity which persisted through budbreak in early May.Seedlings that were brought into the greenhouse in the fall and never exposed to chilling temperatures did not break dormancy or show significant cytokinin activity or exhibit the physiological changes that occur under normal winter conditions.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple

High light intensity stress as the limiting factor in micropropagation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal S. Singh ◽  
A. Maxwell P. Jones ◽  
Mukund R. Shukla ◽  
Praveen K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intensity Stress

American beech and sugar maple sapling relative abundance and growth are not modified by light availability following partial and total canopy disturbances

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Bannon ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
Nicolas Bélanger ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Canopy Opening ◽  
Unmanaged Forest

Studies have reported divergent results on the effect of soil fertility and canopy opening on understory density and growth of sugar maple (AS; Acer saccharum Marsh.) and American beech (FG; Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a gradient of canopy opening and soil fertility on the density and growth of AS and FG saplings in southwestern Quebec, Canada. We investigated 56 stands containing both AS and FG that were subjected to different disturbance history types (DHTs) (UF, unmanaged forest; PC, partial cut; and CC, clearcut) on various soil types. AS and FG absolute and relative sapling density varied greatly among the 56 stands; however, no significant effects of DHT, soil nutrient availability, or their interaction were found. Both species responded positively in terms of radial growth to canopy openings, with FG growth being slightly better than AS growth in PC stands compared with other canopy treatments. Contrary to our hypothesis, AS did not show significantly higher growth than FG following clear-cutting. These results do not support the idea that AS abundance and growth could be promoted by increasing the intensity of the canopy opening during harvest, at least on the generally acidic and base-poor soils that were investigated.

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