Bud, root, and growth-regulator activity in Acer saccharum during the dormant season

Exposure of dormant sugar maple seedlings to over 2000 h of winter temperatures of 5 °C and below was required for rapid and normal growth when seedlings were transferred to a warm greenhouse and extended photoperiods. Although chilling requirements were not fully satisfied until mid-March, a resurgence of metabolic activity occurred in early February. There was a marked shift in the potential for budbreak from the axillary to the terminal buds, and a surge in root growth occurred after a period of inactivity when the ground was frozen from late December to mid-January. The water content of the buds followed a pattern similar to that of the roots. It fell to a plateau in late fall well before the soil froze but began a steady increase with the resumption of active root growth in February. Inhibitory substances present in the buds did not exhibit significant changes during the overwintering period. However, cytokinin activity was observed beginning in February at the same time that root growth and bud succulence showed upward inflections. By the beginning of April there were two distinct peaks of activity which persisted through budbreak in early May.Seedlings that were brought into the greenhouse in the fall and never exposed to chilling temperatures did not break dormancy or show significant cytokinin activity or exhibit the physiological changes that occur under normal winter conditions.

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Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-27.4.229 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 229-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gary W. Watson

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Fine Roots ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Fine Root ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽

Green Ash ◽

Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

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Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Pot-in-Pot Red and Sugar Maple

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.80 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 80-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Roger Harris ◽

Jody Fanelli

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Red Maple ◽

Sugar Maples ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Second Year ◽

Substrate Temperatures

Abstract Red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’) trees were grown in a 56 liter (15 gal) pot-in-pot system for two years. During the second year of production, root growth was observed through observation plates fitted into the container sidewalls, and shoot extension was periodically measured. Root growth began in early March, approximately one month before budbreak for both species. Root growth dramatically slowed down at the onset of budbreak, but quickly resumed and was concurrent with shoot elongation. Root growth slowed dramatically in the fall when substrate temperatures dropped to 5–7C (40–45F). Root growth stopped during the winter for red maple, but some nominal root growth continued throughout the winter for sugar maple. Red maples had over 5 times more total root length against observation plates at the end of the experiment than sugar maples.

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Proposed Scenario for Dieback and Decline of Acer Saccharum in Northeastern U. S. A. and Southeastern Canada

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001006 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 357-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Robert A. Gregory ◽

Mansfield W. Williams ◽

Betty L. Wong ◽

Gary J. Hawley

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Respiratory Activity ◽

Extended Period ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Carbohydrate Reserves ◽

Sequence Of Events ◽

Winter Temperatures ◽

Severe Reduction ◽

Low Carbohydrate

A sequence of events is presented that may explain the reported decline of sugar maple trees in the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada. The primary factor, caused by defoliation, is a severe reduction in reserve carbohydrates, especially in roots, at the beginning of the leafless period. In this respect, la te defoliators - those that defoliate in late July and early August - are much more destructive than those that defoliate in J une because it appears that carbon is being utilised in July and August by one or more sinks about as fast as it is being assimilated photosynthetically. This, in conjunction with a loss of foliage for an extended period and limited refoliation, could result in severe carbohydrate dcpletion. Limited carbohydrate reserves may not be sufficient for normal respiratory activity during the Ieafless period, or for vernal outgrowth of embryonie shoots. Late defoliation and low carbohydrate reserves also appear to reduce the ability of the trees to acclimate to low winter temperatures; hence, cold winters could result in additional shoot die back and mortality. Other factors such as drought, atmospheric pollutants, and numerous pathogens mayaiso influence carbohydrate reserves, thus contributing to decline.

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Association of Nematodes with Dogwood Canker and Stem Malformations on Other Trees

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-5.3.136 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 136-140

Author(s):

Frank S. Santamour ◽

Alice Jacot McArdle

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽

Green Mountain ◽

Canker Disease ◽

Flowering Dogwood ◽

Winter Temperatures ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽

Aphelenchoides Fragariae ◽

Made In

Two nematodes, one stylet-bearing and allied to the Aphelenchoides fragariae complex and the non-stylet species Panagrolaimus subelongatus, were isolated from the disrupted bark on main trunks and branches of young flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) trees exhibiting symptoms of “dogwood canker” disease. Similar nematodes were isolated from burls on the trunks of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), Higan cherry (Prunus subhirtella Miq.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), whereas only the Panagrolaimus species was found in abnormal tumorous growths on the trunks of the Green Mountain cultivar of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’). Nematodes were recovered 2 months after inoculation into young dogwood stems in June, 1983 but none could be detected after the inoculated trees had been subjected to winter temperatures as low as −22°C (−4°F) even though nematodes in established cankers survived under the same conditions. Inoculations made in July, 1984 into callus tissue developed after wounding in 1983 or 1984 produced canker-like symptoms but the nematodes were not reisolated in 1985. The total number of nematodes per canker was low and older cankers often yielded no nematodes, even though the canker persisted.

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Transplant Timing Affects Early Root System Regeneration of Sugar Maple and Northern Red Oak

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.6.984 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 984-987 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Roger Harris ◽

Jody Fanelli ◽

Paul Thrift

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Root Extension ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Post Transplant ◽

Median Date

Description of early post-transplant root growth will help formulate best transplanting strategies for landscape trees. In this experiment, the dynamics of early root system regeneration of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. `Green Mountain') and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were determined. Field-grown 4-year-old trees were transplanted bare-root into outdoor root observation containers (rhizotrons) in Oct. 1997, Nov. 1997, or Mar. 1998. All trees were grown in the rhizotrons until Oct. 1998 and then transplanted, with minimally disturbed rootballs, to field soil and grown for an additional two years. October-transplanted trees of both species began root regeneration earlier and regenerated more roots, as judged by accumulated root length on rhizotron windows, than Nov.- or March-transplanted trees. Median date for beginning root extension for sugar maples was 48, 22, and 0 days before budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Median date for beginning root extension for northern red oak was 4, 21, and 14 days after budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Height and trunk diameter growth were similar for all treatments within each species for 3 years after application of treatments. Early fall transplanting will result in earlier first season post-transplant root growth for sugar maple and northern red oak. Earlier post-transplant root growth will likely increase resistance to stress imposed by harsh landscape environments.

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Impact of primary and secondary machinery tracks on fine root growth of sugar maple after selection cutting

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-245 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 892-897 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Catherine Malo ◽

Christian Messier

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Fine Root ◽

Growth Morphology ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Heavy Machinery ◽

Selection Cutting ◽

Fine Root Growth ◽

Temperate Deciduous Forests

Selection cutting, where approximately 30% of the trees are removed every 30 years, is the main silvicultural treatment used in temperate deciduous forests of Quebec (Canada). Concerns have been raised that the use of heavy machinery is creating soil disturbances that are negatively affecting the growth and survival of remaining trees. The aim of the study was to determine if heavy machinery is affecting the growth, morphology, and architecture of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) fine roots in and around machinery tracks left after selection logging. The study site, a sugar maple dominated stand, was located in southern Quebec. Root ingrowth bags and standard root cores were used to compare fine root growth, morphology, and architecture in and around machinery tracks one year after logging. Fine root growth of maple was reduced fivefold in both primary (multiple trip) and secondary (only one trip) machinery tracks compared with the control. There was a nonstatistical reduction in fine root growth within 1 m of the tracks. Because machinery tracks cover between 15% and 25% of a stand after selection logging, such reduction in fine root growth could be significant for the growth and survival of the remaining mature maple trees.

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Cytokinin and inhibitor activity in roots and stems of sugar maple seedlings through the dormant season

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b76-018 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (3-4) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

E. B. Dumbroff ◽

D. C. W. Brown

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Root Growth ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Root Activity ◽

Inhibitor Activity ◽

Dormant Season ◽

Active Root

Cytokinin and inhibitor activity were followed in the roots and stems of 2-year-old maple seedlings exposed to normal overwintering conditions from early November through April. The production of new roots was also monitored, and all measurements were repeated with dormant control seedlings placed in a greenhouse from the beginning of the experiment and provided with warm temperatures and extended photoperiods. The level of cytokinin-like substances increased in the roots and stems of the outside group in March after a large surge in root activity that began in late February and continued through April. Cytokinins peaked just before budbreak, with the highest levels detected in the lateral roots. Three bands of activity were present on the chromatograms at Rfs 0.1, 0.6, and 0.9. Large cytokinin peaks were also observed in the non-chilled seedlings and were associated with two periods of active root growth and abnormal bud flush in the fall and spring. Abscisic-acid-like activity was detected in the roots and stems of both greenhouse and exposed seedlings, but it remained essentially constant in the stems. Changes that occurred in the roots were not associated with emergence of the buds from the dormant condition.

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