Phytonematodes Community and Polyphasic Character of Aphelenchoides varicaudatus on Garlic Plants in Tegal Regency, Central Java

The interception of Ditylenchus dipsaci, D. destructor, and Aphelenchoides fragariae, which are classified as quarantine pests, has been reported to occur on imported garlic bulbs used for consumption at several traditional markets in Bogor. This finding should increase awareness of the chance of garlic contamination in Indonesia’s garlic fields. This study aimed to evaluate the nematode community and determine polyphasic characters of Aphelenchoides species from garlic plantations. The study was conducted by sampling soil and plants from garlic plantations in Tuwel and Rembul Villages, Bojong District, Tegal Regency, Central Java in December 2018. Nematode extraction was done using a mist chamber for plant materials and sugar flotation – centrifugation methods for soil samples. Parameters measured included nematode species identity, absolute population and prominence indexes. Nematode identification was conducted based on their morphological characters. Further identification based on morphometric and molecular characters (polyphasic) conducted for nematodes species suspected as quarantine pests. Six generas of nematodes identified were Helicotylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Rotylenchulus, Aphelenchus, Criconemoides, and Tylenchus. Aphelenchoides sp. had the highest prominence value from plant tissue with a value of 6.32 and is categorized as a quarantine pest genus (A. fragariae) in garlic and was further identified to the species level. Further identification based on polyphasic characters showed the Aphelenchoides sp. found was A. varicaudatus.

DETERMINASI NEMATODA PARASIT Aphelenchoides sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)

ABSTRAK<br />Nematoda hawar daun Aphelenchoides sp. telah dilaporkan<br />menyerang dan menyebabkan gugur daun pada sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Penelitian yang<br />bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi spesies Aphelenchoides sp. tersebut<br />telah dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan kebun percobaan Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik pada tahun 2005-2006.<br />Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati gejala khas pada tanaman sakit<br />dan karakteristik morfologi nematoda secara mikroskopik pada preparat<br />semi-permanen Aphelenchoides sp. yang difiksasi dengan larutan<br />triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF). Gejala khas hawar daun merupakan<br />bercak klorotik yang meluas yang kemudian berubah berwarna kehitaman<br />atau kadang-kadang keunguan yang dibatasi tulang-tulang daun. Secara<br />mikroskopik bentuk tubuh betina Aphelenchoides sp. ramping dengan<br />panjang tubuh berkisar 0,46 – 0,70 mm dan lebar tubuh rata-rata 15 µm;<br />daerah vulva terletak 2/3 dari panjang tubuh diukur dari bagian anterior;<br />stilet ramping, panjangnya 10 µm dengan “basal knobs” kecil tetapi jelas;<br />metakorpus besar, menempati ¾ atau lebih dari lebar esophagus; daerah<br />bibir tampak halus, menonjol, dan bagian depannya rata, dengan kontur<br />hampir menyatu/bersambung dengan kontur tubuh; ujung ekornya<br />berbentuk kerucut tajam memanjang dengan ujung meruncing seperti duri<br />tumpul. Bentuk tubuh jantan pada dasarnya sama dengan ukuran dan<br />bentuk betinanya; ekor agak melengkung kearah 45º - 90º ketika dalam<br />keadaan relaks dan bentuk ujungnya meruncing seperti duri tumpul; spikul<br />berbentuk duri mawar (“rose-thorne”). Persentase jumlah jantan dalam<br />satu populasi umumnya banyak berkisar 34,7 – 38,9% dari populasi<br />seluruhnya (jantan dan betina). Karakter-karakter gejala serangan,<br />morfologi nematoda, dan ratio jantan-betina tersebut merupakan karakter<br />spesies Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE<br />1932. Deteksi adanya spesies nematoda A. fragariae merupakan yang<br />pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia, dan sambiloto sebagai inang A.<br />fragariae juga pertama kali dilaporkan baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, identifikasi, nematoda parasit<br />ABSTRACT<br />Determination of parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp.<br />causing leaf blotch disease of sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata)<br />Leaf blotch disease by parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. have<br />been reported infected and causedleaf drops on sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Experiments of<br />species determination of the nematode have been carried out in<br />laboratorium, greenhouse and fields of IMACRI during the year 2005-<br />2006. Identification were done by observing its typical symptoms of the<br />infected plants caused by the nematode and its nematode morphological<br />characteristics microscopically on the semi-permanent preparats fixed by<br />TAF (triethanolamine formaldehyde) solution. Typical symptoms of leaf<br />blotch were began as chlorotic vein-deliminated areas which later changed<br />to light brown, then dark brown and finally black; or sometimes purplish<br />under field condition. Microscopically, the female was slender, 0.46 –<br />0.70 mm long and 15 µm width in average, the vulval region cited about<br />2/3 of the body length sized from anterior part; spear slender, 10 µm long<br />with small and distinct basal knobs; large metacorpus occupying ¾ or<br />more of the width of the esophagus; lip region almost continuous with<br />body contour; the tail tip was elongate-conoid ending in a simple blunt<br />spike. The male was abundant and essentially similar to size and shape of<br />the female; tail arcuate through 45º to 90 when relaxed, with a simple<br />blunt terminal spine; spicules rose-thorn shaped. Those described<br />symptoms and morphological characters mentioned above were the typical<br />characters of the species Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS,<br />1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Detection of species A. fragariae was the first<br />report in Indonesia; and sambiloto as the natural host of A. fragariae was<br />the first report in Indonesia and internationally.<br />Key words: King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, parasitic nematode, identification

EKOBIOLOGI NEMATODA HAWAR DAUN (Aphelenchoides fragariae) PADA TANAMAN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Nematoda hawar daun (Aphelenchoides fragariae) merupakan salahsatu kendala dalam budidaya tanaman obat sambiloto (Andrographispaniculata). Informasi tentang perilaku dan cara pengendalian nematodapada tanaman sambiloto masih sangat terbatas. Dalam rangka mencari carapengendalian nematoda yang efektif, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui ekobiologi nematoda tersebut seperti kisaran inang, sumberinokulum, dan pestisida. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca,dan kebun percobaan Balittro pada tahun 2006-2008. Studi kisaran inangalami dilakukan dengan mengamati karakteristik gejala khas penyakit,ekstraksi, dan karakterisasi morfologi nematoda dari sampel daun-daungulma yang tumbuh di pembibitan dan pertanaman sambiloto. Studi sum-ber penularan nematoda dilakukan dengan metode bioassay, yaitu denganmengamati gejala hawar daun dan jenis nematoda pada bibit sambilotoyang ditanam pada beberapa macam media tumbuh (tanah steril dicampurdengan beberapa macam jenis bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang,kompos, pupuk organik, dan potongan daun-daun sambiloto sakit).Sedangkan studi sensitivitas nematoda terhadap pestisida sintetik dannabati dilakukan di rumah kaca dan di lapang. Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan bahwa 6 jenis gulma, yaitu babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),pulus hayam (Acalypha lanceolata), calincing (Oxalys sepium), gulmaBorreria sp., gulma daun sirih (Lindernia sp.), dan paku (Pleocnemia sp.)merupakan inang pengganti nematoda A. fragariae. Bahan organik sepertipupuk kandang dan serasah daun sambiloto sakit dalam tanah merupakansumber penting inokulum A. fragariae, tetapi penyebaran utama penyakitterjadi melalui bibit terinfeksi dan kontak fisik antara daun sakit dengandaun sehat. Perkembangan penyakit hawar daun berlangsung selama 2-4minggu setelah infeksi pertama. Senyawa karbofuran (2-5 g/tanaman),CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid) (0,5-1,0%), tepung (10,0-15,0 g/tanaman),dan ekstrak biji mimba (0,5-1,0%) efektif menekan populasi A. fragariae.Penanaman bibit sehat, sanitasi kebun, penggunaan pupuk kandang yangbenar-benar matang, dan aplikasi pestisida merupakan faktor pentingdalam pengendalian penyakit hawar daun nematoda pada sambiloto.</p><p>Kata kunci: Andrographis paniculata, sambiloto, nematoda hawar daun,Aphelenchoides fragariae, ekobiologi</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Bioecology of Leaf Blotch Nematode (Aphelenchoidesfragariae) on King of Bitter Plant (Andrographispaniculata)</p><p>Leaf blotch nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is one of the mostimportant constrains on cultivation of king of bitter plant (Andrographispaniculata). Information on the bioecology and control method of thenematode is still limited. In relation to finding an effective control methodof the nematode, this study aimed to evaluate several bioecological factorsof the nematode, such as its host range, inoculums source, and sensitivityof the nematode to several chemicals. The studies were conducted inlaboratory, green house, and experimental station of the IndonesianMedicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute in 2006-2008. Naturalhost range of the nematode was studied by examining the typical diseasesymptoms on leaves of several weeds grown in the nursery and field of theking of bitter plants, followed with extraction and morphologicalexamination of nematodes. Infection source of the nematode was carriedout by bioassay method using healthy king of bitter seedlings grown onsoil planting medium incorporated with suspected infection sources suchas animal manure, compost, organic fertilizer, and diseased leaf cutting ofthe plants. Sensitivity of the nematode to several pesticides (carbofuran,neem seed powder, neem seed extract, and cashew nut shell liquid) wasconducted in the green house and field. The results showed that six weedssuch as Ageratum conyzoides, Acalypha lanceolata, Oxalys sepium,Borreria sp., Lindernia sp., and Pleocnemia sp. grown in the nursery andfield of king of bitter plantation were infected with the nematode; thereforethese plants are natural alternate hosts of A. fragariae. Organic animalmanure and infected fallen leaves of the king of bitter were importantsources of inoculums of A. fragariae, however, main spread of the diseasewas through infected seedlings and direct contact between healthy andinfected leaves. Leaf blotch disease development occurred 2-4 weeks afterfirst infection. Chemicals such as carbofuran (2-5 g/plant), cashew nutshell liquid (0.5-1.0%), neem seed powder (10.0-15.0 g/plant) and extract(0.5-1.0%) were effectively suppressed the nematode. Planting disease-free seedlings, sanitation, and application of well-decomposed animalmanure and certain chemical pesticides are important factors to control theleaf blotch nematode on king of bitter plant.</p><p>Key words: Andrographis paniculata, king of bitter, leaf blotchnematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae, bioecology.</p>

Foliar Nematode Aphelenchoides spp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae)

There are nematodes of several genera that feed on plant stems and foliage, including Aphelenchoides, Bursaphelenchus, Anguina, Ditylenchus and Litylenchus. Herein, we apply the common name “foliar nematode” specifically to plant-feeding nematodes in the genus Aphelechoides, specifically Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, and Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. While most members of Aphelenchoides are fungivorous (feed on fungi), these three species have populations that are facultative plant-parasites that can feed on live plant tissue. Ten other species of Aphelenchoides also are recognized as facultative plant-parasites, but these are not as commonly encountered or as economically significant as the aforementioned species. Unlike most plant-parasitic nematodes, foliar nematodes can infest the aerial portions of plants rather than dwelling strictly in soil and plant roots. Damage from their feeding can reduce yield in food crops and ruin the appearance of ornamentals.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1279

Populations of parasitic nematodes colonizing Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

The populations of parasitic nematodes colonizing the rhizosphere of <em>Helianthus tuberosus</em> L. grown in Polish plantations were studied in the summer of 2016 and the spring of 2017. A total of 35 nematode species were identified: <em>Paratrichodorus pachydermus</em>, <em>Trichodorus cylindricus</em>, <em>T. viruliferus</em>, <em>Longidorus attenuatus</em>, <em>L. elongatus</em>, <em>L. leptocephalus</em>, <em>Criconema annuliferum</em>, <em>Criconemoides informis</em>, <em>Mesocriconema rusticum</em>, <em>M. solivagum</em>, <em>M. xenoplax</em>, <em>Paratylenchus nanus</em>, <em>P. neoamblycephalus</em>, <em>P. projectus</em>, <em>Bitylenchus dubius</em>, <em>B. maximus</em>, <em>Merlinius brevidens</em>, <em>M. nothus</em>, <em>Scutylenchus quadrifer</em>, <em>S. tartuensis</em>, <em>Helicotylenchus digonicus</em>, <em>H. pseudorobustus</em>, <em>H. vulgaris</em>, <em>Rotylenchus pumilus</em>, <em>R. robustus</em>, <em>Pratylenchus crenatus</em>, <em>P. fallax</em>, <em>P. neglectus</em>, <em>Hirschmanniella gracilis</em>, <em>Aphelenchoides fragariae</em>, <em>Aphelenchus avenae</em>, <em>A. eremitus</em>, <em>Ditylenchus dipsaci</em>, and <em>D. medicaginis</em>. <em>Aphelenchoides fragariae</em> and <em>Ditylenchus dipsaci</em> could be foliar pathogens of <em>H. tuberosus</em> L. This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of <em>A. fragariae</em> on the leaves of the Jerusalem artichoke in Poland. The frequencies of occurrence and population densities of the 35 nematode species were determined.

Morphological and molecular characteristics of foliar nematode attacking silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in Poland

SummaryAphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos, 1890) Christie, 1932 was isolated from leaves of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings proving that the source of infection was anemones plants. This is the first report to our best knowledge showing that the source of nematode infection of a woody plant could be a perennial plant. A. fragariae was identified by morphometric and molecular analyses. Morphological diagnosis based on the bending shape of the tail of males and pronounced apex and rostrum proved to be the most accurate reliable characteristic. On the opposite, the high variability of the mucron shape in female tails made the identification by microscopic analyses difficult. Identification of the species was confirmed by analysis of 28S rDNA sequences. The morphometric data of adults extracted from silver birch was compared with that of nematodes isolated from Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine. Males body length varied highly in samples collected from both host plant species.