Can Aquatic Invertebrates within Public Aquaria Fit the Five Domain Welfare Model?

Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research ◽

10.1163/25889567-bja10025 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Kerry Perkins

Keyword(s):

Public Opinion ◽

Current Literature ◽

Aquatic Invertebrates ◽

Domain Model ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Potential Bias ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

In Captivity ◽

Welfare Model

Abstract Welfare within zoos and aquariums has come under increasing scrutiny due to the change in public opinion of animals in captivity. It is vital that as an industry mechanisms and frameworks are in place to determine welfare of animals within our care. Due to potential bias in current welfare models toward terrestrial vertebrates, it is important to determine whether they can be utilised in differing environments such as aquariums. Using the most recent five domain model (Mellor, 2017) the possible application within public aquaria is discussed, considering each domain in respect to aquatic invertebrates, an often-neglected group of organisms when considering welfare in aquaria. This review highlights the additional considerations needed when applying the five domain model to this diverse group of organisms. Furthermore, the identification of gaps within the current literature is discussed in respect to whether the full five domain model can be currently be applied at this time.

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Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758–2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4967 (1) ◽

pp. 1-243

Author(s):

DAVID H. NIELSEN ◽

RICHARD G. ROBBINS ◽

LEOPOLDO M. RUEDA

Keyword(s):

Scrub Typhus ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Orientia Tsutsugamushi ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

The World ◽

Medical Importance ◽

Original Species ◽

Species Descriptions ◽

Annotated Checklist ◽

Collection Sites

The superfamily Trombiculoidea is a large and diverse group of acarines that comprises six families; of these, the families Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae are characterized by larvae commonly known as chiggers that are parasites of terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, and some species are of medical importance as vectors of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus), caused by the rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi. This paper presents an annotated checklist of 3,013 generally accepted chigger species, together with their distribution by zoogeographic region, and a non-comprehensive list of synonyms. A total of 58 new combinations are proposed by transferring species to different genera, treating some subgenera as genera, or updating current generic names. The checklist updates earlier catalogs of the world chigger fauna, but because the literature on chigger taxonomy is voluminous and scattered, similar, regional monographs were utilized in constructing the classificatory foundation. This list may not contain every species, synonym or taxonomic rearrangement that has been published, but it reflects the most recent arrangement of chigger taxa. Distribution records are primarily drawn from collection sites listed in the original species descriptions, together with subsequently published geographical records.

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Moving Targets: The ‘Canned’ Hunting of Captive-Bred Lions in South Africa

African Studies Review ◽

10.1017/asr.2017.94 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 8-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Richard A. Schroeder

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

Public Opinion ◽

Animal Welfare ◽

Focal Point ◽

The United States ◽

Moving Targets ◽

In Captivity

Abstract:So-called canned hunts take place within fenced private game ranches and typically target animals bred in captivity solely for that purpose. Thousands of semidomesticated lions form the focal point of South Africa’s canned-hunting industry. Notions of animal welfare, “fair chase,” and conservation have been deployed to varying degrees to sway public opinion surrounding canned hunts in South Africa and abroad. While state regulatory efforts have largely failed to date, the Campaign Against Canned Hunting (CACH) has successfully promoted stricter controls on the importation of lion trophies in Australia, Europe, and the United States, in part by highlighting the recent death of Cecil, a charismatic lion shot by an American bowhunter in Zimbabwe.

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Food Variety of Lesser Whistling Duck in Malaysian Lakes

Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.47836/pjst.28.4.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Martins Chukwuemeka Onwuka ◽

Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar ◽

Mohamed Zakaria

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Home Range ◽

Aquatic Invertebrates ◽

Avian Species ◽

Sampling Point ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

Food Items ◽

Potamogeton Perfoliatus ◽

Aquatic Vertebrates ◽

Food Variety

Food distribution and diversity is a significant factor that determines the habitat and site selection of avian species. Its effects on the health, reproduction, survival rate, diversity indices, population structure and home range of avian species. In wetland ecosystem, bird home range and population structure is influenced by richness and diversity of food resources and availability of suitable foraging sites. The aim of the study was to ascertain the food variety of Lesser Whistling Duck - Dendrocygna javanica in Paya Indah Wetland Reserve (PIWR). A scan method was employed from strategic places or blinds using a spotting scope and binocular to determine the food selection and density by Distance sampling point count method. Food items were categorised into the aquatic plants (AP), aquatic invertebrates (AIV), aquatic vertebrates (AV), terrestrial plants (TP), terrestrial vertebrates (TV) and terrestrial invertebrates (TIV). Distance analysis indicated that PIWR harboured 3.88 ± 0.00 birds per ha (n = 188 individuals). In addition, the results revealed that higher bird relative abundance of Lesser Whistling Duck concentrated in the shallow of Belibis lake that was rich in submerged and emergent vegetation (Eleocharis dulcis, Philydrum lanuginosum, Utricularia vulgaris, and Potamogeton perfoliatus). Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that food items were significantly different. Lesser Whistling Duck showed strong correlationship with AIV (r2 = 1.00, P<0.05) and negative relationship with water TP (r2 = -0.061, P<0.05). The regression model highlighted that Lesser Whistling Duck significantly preferred aquatic invertebrates, r2 = -0.686±0.68; P<0.001 and aquatic vertebrates, -0.459±0.26) than other food items. The results revealed that shallow marshy-based lakes rich in aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates harboured higher population of Lesser Whistling Ducks to utilize it and performed multiple activities than other habitats.

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The origins of zooparasitic nematodes

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z84-050 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 317-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

R. C. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Marine Mammals ◽

Aquatic Invertebrates ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Soil Nematodes ◽

Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Terrestrial Arthropods ◽

A Minor ◽

Nematode Fauna

Zooparasitic nematodes are derived from soil nematodes and parasitism apparently originated only after land animals appeared. A major line from soil dwelling rhabditids gave rise to the secernentean parasites, which constitute about 98% of all genera in vertebrates and about 80% of those in invertebrates. A minor line evolved from the predominantly soil-dwelling dorylaimids and gave rise to adenophorean parasites, including mermithoids, trichinelloids, and dioctophymatoids. Nematodes are common in terrestrial invertebrates but rare in aquatic invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans). The fauna in terrestrial vertebrates is rich and diversified. In contrast, the fish nematode fauna is limited. Only 17 families of nematodes occur in fishes and only 5 are unique to the fishes. No unique nematode superfamilies occur in fishes. The fish nematode fauna seems closely related to that in terrestrial vertebrates and is evidently derived from it since almost three quarters of the families are shared with those in terrestrial vertebrates. Transfer to fishes from terrestrial hosts during the course of evolution probably occurred mainly through heteroxeny and paratenesis; however, a few monoxenous forms (oxyuroids) from terrestrial arthropods became established in shallow water fishes. Only a few nematodes (i.e., mermithoids) transferred from terrestrial to aquatic invertebrates with the result that nematodes are extremely rare in freshwater and marine invertebrates. The nematode fauna of marine mammals is limited mainly to heteroxenous forms with affinities to nematodes of terrestrial mammals.

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Species richness and composition of snake assemblages in poorly accessible areas in the Brazilian Amazonia

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0661 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luciana Frazão ◽

Maria Ermelinda Oliveira ◽

Marcelo Menin ◽

Juliana Campos ◽

Alexandre Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sampling Bias ◽

Sampling Effort ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Pitfall Traps ◽

Field Sampling ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

Brazilian Amazonia ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Number Of Individuals

Abstract: Snakes are a diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates of the order Squamata. Despite that, in the Amazonian biome, information about distribution and identification of snakes is limited when compared to other groups. Additionally, in Amazonia there is a sampling bias towards areas geographically close to urban centers and more densely populated areas. This in turn leads to false distribution gaps in poorly accessible areas of Amazonia. In this article we report the composition of snake assemblages in six areas of the Brazilian Amazonia, based on field sampling conducted over four years using standardized methods. We sampled 70 species from eight families: Typhlopidae (n=1), Leptotyphlopidae (n=1), Anillidae (n=1), Boidae (n=5), Colubridae (n=15), Dipsadidae (n=35), Elapidae (n=7), and Viperidae (n=5). The largest number of species was recorded in the Trombetas River area and the lowest in the Jatapu River area. The total beta diversity was 0.40 and the snake assemblages were structured mainly by replacement (72.5%). The time-limited search was the method that recorded the greatest number of individuals in the studied areas (44.1%) and also the greatest number of species (n=40). However, some species were recorded only by other methods such as interception by pitfall traps with directional fences. Despite the large number of species sampled in the study, no particular area comprised more than 40% of species registered in all the areas, indicating that snakes are poorly detected even with large sampling effort across multiple areas of a species distribution.

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Word Prompt Programs

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0603.57 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 57-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lisa A. Wood ◽

Joan L. Rankin ◽

David R. Beukelman

Keyword(s):

Learning Disabilities ◽

Current Literature ◽

Word Processing ◽

Computer Software ◽

Written Language ◽

Written Communication ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Basic Word ◽

The Matrix ◽

Language Needs

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired word and inserts it into a line of text. This software is used to support individuals with severe speech, physical, and learning disabilities. This tutorial describes the features of a variety of word prompt programs and reviews the current literature on the use of these programs by people with oral and written language needs. In addition, a matrix that identifies the features contained in eight sample word prompt programs is provided. The descriptions of features and the matrix are designed to assist speech-language pathologists and teachers in evaluating and selecting word prompt programs to support their clients' oral and written communication.

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