<p><strong>Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758–2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution</strong></p>

The superfamily Trombiculoidea is a large and diverse group of acarines that comprises six families; of these, the families Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae are characterized by larvae commonly known as chiggers that are parasites of terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, and some species are of medical importance as vectors of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus), caused by the rickettsia Orientia tsutsugamushi. This paper presents an annotated checklist of 3,013 generally accepted chigger species, together with their distribution by zoogeographic region, and a non-comprehensive list of synonyms. A total of 58 new combinations are proposed by transferring species to different genera, treating some subgenera as genera, or updating current generic names. The checklist updates earlier catalogs of the world chigger fauna, but because the literature on chigger taxonomy is voluminous and scattered, similar, regional monographs were utilized in constructing the classificatory foundation. This list may not contain every species, synonym or taxonomic rearrangement that has been published, but it reflects the most recent arrangement of chigger taxa. Distribution records are primarily drawn from collection sites listed in the original species descriptions, together with subsequently published geographical records.

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Redescriptions of Streblosoma bairdi (Malmgren, 1866) and Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780), based on types and material from type localities

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4544.3.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4544 (3) ◽

pp. 419

Author(s):

JOÃO MIGUEL DE MATOS NOGUEIRA

Keyword(s):

Type Species ◽

Type Locality ◽

Type Material ◽

Northern European ◽

The World ◽

Original Species ◽

Species Descriptions

Streblosoma bairdi (Malmgren, 1866) and Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780) are the type species of their respective genera, described from specimens from northern European waters, off Sweden and Greenland, respectively. Both species have subsequently been reported from many localities around the world, including some from much warmer waters. That is probably because the original species descriptions are very brief and do not include several characters currently considered important for the taxonomy of these genera. Several redescriptions have been provided for both species through the years, but the types were not examined and based on material far from their type localities. Both these species are herein redescribed, from type material or material from the type localities. It is recommended that all records of these species from locations far from their type locality should be carefully checked to confirm their identity.

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Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), A rapidly spreading epidemic in Chennai - A standalone lab experience

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.09.0021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (09) ◽

pp. 4896

Author(s):

Sripriya C.S.* ◽

Shanthi B. ◽

Arockia Doss S. ◽

Antonie Raj I. ◽

Mohana Priya

Keyword(s):

Scrub Typhus ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Orientia Tsutsugamushi ◽

The Past ◽

Igm Elisa ◽

The Mean ◽

Specific Symptoms ◽

Symptoms And Signs

Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), is a strict intracellular bacterium which is reported to be a recent threat to parts of southern India. There is re-emergence of scrub typhus during the past few years in Chennai. Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness which generally causes non-specific symptoms and signs. The clinical manifestations of this disease range from sub-clinical disease to organ failure to fatal disease. This study documents our laboratory experience in diagnosis of scrub typhus in patients with fever and suspected clinical symptoms of scrub typhus infection for a period of two years from April 2014 to April 2016 using immunochromatography and IgM ELISA methods. The study was conducted on 648 patients out of whom 188 patients were found to be positive for scrub typhus. Results also showed that pediatric (0 -12 years) and young adults (20 – 39 years) were more exposed to scrub typhus infection and female patients were more infected compared to male. The study also showed that the rate of infection was higher between September to February which also suggested that the infection rate is proportional to the climatic condition. Statistical analysis showed that the mean age of the patients in this study was 37.6, standard deviation was 18.97, CV % was 50.45.

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Scrub Typhus and Molecular Characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Central Nepal

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 422

Author(s):

Rajendra Gautam ◽

Keshab Parajuli ◽

Mythili Tadepalli ◽

Stephen Graves ◽

John Stenos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Acute Febrile Illness ◽

Limited Information ◽

Orientia Tsutsugamushi ◽

Health Measures ◽

Central Nepal ◽

Vector Borne

Scrub typhus is a vector-borne, acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Scrub typhus continues to be an important but neglected tropical disease in Nepal. Information on this pathogen in Nepal is limited to serological surveys with little information available on molecular methods to detect O. tsutsugamushi. Limited information exists on the genetic diversity of this pathogen. A total of 282 blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected scrub typhus from central Nepal and 84 (30%) were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by 16S rRNA qPCR. Positive samples were further subjected to 56 kDa and 47 kDa molecular typing and molecularly compared to other O. tsutsugamushi strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Nepalese O. tsutsugamushi strains largely cluster together and cluster away from other O. tsutsugamushi strains from Asia and elsewhere. One exception was the sample of Nepal_1, with its partial 56 kDa sequence clustering more closely with non-Nepalese O. tsutsugamushi 56 kDa sequences, potentially indicating that homologous recombination may influence the genetic diversity of strains in this region. Knowledge on the circulating strains in Nepal is important to the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to support public health measures to control scrub typhus in this country.

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Role of Zoo-Housed Animals in the Ecology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens—A Review

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Johana Hrnková ◽

Irena Schneiderová ◽

Marina Golovchenko ◽

Libor Grubhoffer ◽

Natalie Rudenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tick Species ◽

Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽

Exotic Animals ◽

Host Pathogen ◽

Medical Importance ◽

Ecology Of Ticks ◽

Definite Role

Ticks are ubiquitous ectoparasites, feeding on representatives of all classes of terrestrial vertebrates and transmitting numerous pathogens of high human and veterinary medical importance. Exotic animals kept in zoological gardens, ranches, wildlife parks or farms may play an important role in the ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), as they may serve as hosts for local tick species. Moreover, they can develop diseases of varying severity after being infected by TBPs, and theoretically, can thus serve as reservoirs, thereby further propagating TBPs in local ecosystems. The definite role of these animals in the tick–host-pathogen network remains poorly investigated. This review provides a summary of the information currently available regarding ticks and TBPs in connection to captive local and exotic wildlife, with an emphasis on zoo-housed species.

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Detection of Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G Antibodies Against Orientia tsutsugamushi for Scrub Typhus Diagnosis and Serosurvey in Endemic Regions

Indian Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s13312-020-2067-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (12) ◽

pp. 1131-1134

Author(s):

Mohan D. Gupte ◽

Manish Gupte ◽

Suchit Kamble ◽

Arati Mane ◽

Suvarna Sane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Orientia Tsutsugamushi

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1495Resistance of Fluoroquinolone in Orientia tsutsugamushi Due to gyrA Mutation in Scrub typhus

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofu052.1041 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S395-S395

Author(s):

Soo Kyung CHO ◽

Kyung Hwa Park ◽

Su Mi Choi ◽

Sook in Jung ◽

Hee-Chang Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scrub Typhus ◽

Orientia Tsutsugamushi ◽

Gyra Mutation

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Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes of Essential Oils from Psidium Species and Their Biological Properties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26040965 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 965

Author(s):

Renan Campos e Silva ◽

Jamile S. da Costa ◽

Raphael O. de Figueiredo ◽

William N. Setzer ◽

Joyce Kelly R. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

New Drugs ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Biological Potential ◽

The World ◽

Review Reports ◽

Collection Sites

Psidium (Myrtaceae) comprises approximately 266 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Psidium taxa have great ecological, economic, and medicinal relevance due to their essential oils’ chemical diversity and biological potential. This review reports 18 Psidium species growing around the world and the chemical and biological properties of their essential oils. Chemically, 110 oil records are reported with significant variability of volatile constituents, according to their seasonality and collection sites. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with acyclic (C10 and C15), p-menthane, pinane, bisabolane, germacrane, caryophyllane, cadinane, and aromadendrane skeleton-types, were the primary constituents. The essential oils showed various biological activities, including antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, phytotoxic, larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. This review contributes to the Psidium species rational and economic exploration as natural sources to produce new drugs.

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