The origins of zooparasitic nematodes

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Nematodes ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Nematode Fauna

Zooparasitic nematodes are derived from soil nematodes and parasitism apparently originated only after land animals appeared. A major line from soil dwelling rhabditids gave rise to the secernentean parasites, which constitute about 98% of all genera in vertebrates and about 80% of those in invertebrates. A minor line evolved from the predominantly soil-dwelling dorylaimids and gave rise to adenophorean parasites, including mermithoids, trichinelloids, and dioctophymatoids. Nematodes are common in terrestrial invertebrates but rare in aquatic invertebrates (e.g., polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans). The fauna in terrestrial vertebrates is rich and diversified. In contrast, the fish nematode fauna is limited. Only 17 families of nematodes occur in fishes and only 5 are unique to the fishes. No unique nematode superfamilies occur in fishes. The fish nematode fauna seems closely related to that in terrestrial vertebrates and is evidently derived from it since almost three quarters of the families are shared with those in terrestrial vertebrates. Transfer to fishes from terrestrial hosts during the course of evolution probably occurred mainly through heteroxeny and paratenesis; however, a few monoxenous forms (oxyuroids) from terrestrial arthropods became established in shallow water fishes. Only a few nematodes (i.e., mermithoids) transferred from terrestrial to aquatic invertebrates with the result that nematodes are extremely rare in freshwater and marine invertebrates. The nematode fauna of marine mammals is limited mainly to heteroxenous forms with affinities to nematodes of terrestrial mammals.

Anthropogenic Sound in the Sea: Are Ascidians Affected?

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kristine White ◽  
Louis Ambrosio ◽  
Christa Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
Boat Traffic ◽  
A Minor

Sound pollution in the marine environment has been increasing largely due to anthropogenic sources such as vessel traffic, coastal development, fossil fuel extraction, and military exercises. Studies determining the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine organisms have mostly focused on vertebrates, namely fish and marine mammals; however, less research has been done to study the effects of sound on marine invertebrates. The goal of this research is to examine the effect of anthropogenic sound on the ascidian Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) in Tampa Bay, FL. A total of 48 ascidians were collected from 2 sites with differing amounts of boat traffic and thus different anthropogenic soundscapes. Ascidians were individually exposed to 3 separate stimuli: a recording of a boat motor, a song recording, and a water current to simulate turbulence. Ascidian reactions were recorded as the frequency of siphon closing events and the length of time the siphons remained closed after disturbance. Ascidians from both sites increased the frequency and longevity of siphon closure events in response to anthropogenic stimuli but showed only a minor difference in response between sample sites. Research into the effect of anthropogenic sound on invertebrates such as ascidians and their symbionts may provide a better understanding of larger scale ecological impacts from such disturbances.

scholarly journals Recovery of aquatic and terrestrial populations in the context of European pesticide risk assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Kattwinkel ◽  
Matthias Liess ◽  
Maria Arena ◽  
Stephanie Bopp ◽  
Franz Streissl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ecological Modelling ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods

In the present review, we compiled and evaluated the available information supporting the assessment of population and community recovery after pesticide application. This information is crucial for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides. We reviewed more than 3900 manuscripts on those organism groups relevant or likely to become relevant for the risk assessment procedures in Europe, that is, aquatic invertebrates, algae, aquatic plants, fish, aquatic microbes, amphibians, as well as birds and mammals, non-target terrestrial arthropods including honeybees, non-arthropod invertebrates, terrestrial microbes, non-target terrestrial plants, nematodes, and reptiles. Finally, 106 aquatic and 76 terrestrial studies met our selection criteria and were evaluated in detail. We extracted the following general conclusions. (i) Internal recovery depends strongly on reproduction capacity. For aquatic invertebrates, recovery was generally observed within a maximum of five generation times. (ii) In cases where recovery occurred within one generation, migration from uncontaminated areas was identified as the main pathway for aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, in particular, for insect species with the ability for aerial recolonization. (iii) Community composition in general did not recover within the study duration in the majority of cases. (iv) The ecological context, including factors such as food resources, habitat quality, and recolonization potential, is a crucial factor for recovery from pesticide effects. (v) Indirect effects acting through food chain processes, including predation and competition, are highly relevant for increasing the magnitude of effect and for prolonging recovery time. Based on our findings, we recommend defining realistic scenarios for risk assessment regarding exposure, taxa considered, environmental conditions, and ecological context. In addition to experimental studies, field monitoring was shown to yield valuable information to identify relevant taxa, long-term effects, and the conditions for recovery, and should therefore be considered to validate approaches of risk assessment. Likewise, ecological modelling was found to be a valuable tool for assessing recovery. Finally, both study design and interpretation of results still often suffer from missing ecological information or from neglect of the available knowledge. Hence, a more rigorous utilization of existing knowledge (e.g., from general disturbance ecology) and the generation of systematic ecological knowledge on the various factors influencing recovery are needed.

scholarly journals Eocene (Lutetian) Shark-Rich Coastal Paleoenvironments of the Southern North Sea Basin in Europe: Biodiversity of the Marine Fürstenau Formation Including Early White and Megatooth Sharks

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Diedrich
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
White Shark ◽  
Benthic Macrofauna ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Shark Teeth

The Fürstenau Formation (Lutetian, Paleogene, Eocene) is based on type sections near Fürstenau in Germany (central Europe) and is built of 22 meter thick marine glauconitic and strongly bioturbated sands, clays, and a vertebrate-rich conglomerate bed. The conglomerate layer from the Early Lutetian transgression reworked Lower Cretaceous, and Paleogene marine sediments. It is dominated by pebbles from the locally mountains which must have been transported by an ancient river in a delta fan. Marine reworked Lower Cretaceous and Paleogen pebbles/fossils, were derived from the underlying deposits of northern Germany (= southern pre North Sea basin). The benthic macrofauna is cold upwelling water influenced and non-tropical, and medium divers. The vertebrate fish fauna is extremely rich in shark teeth, with about 5,000 teeth per cubic meter of gravel. The most dominant forms are teeth from sand shark ancestors Striatolamia macrota, followed by white shark ancestors Carcharodon auriculatus. Even teeth from the magatooth shark ancestor Carcharocles sokolovi are present in a moderately diverse and condensed Paleogene fish fauna that also includes rays, chimaeras, and more then 80 different bony fish. Fragmentary turtle remains are present, and few terrestrial vertebrates and even marine mammals with phocids, sirenians and possibly whales.

scholarly journals Examining predator–prey body size, trophic level and body mass across marine and terrestrial mammals

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20142103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlee A. Tucker ◽  
Tracey L. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals

Predator–prey relationships and trophic levels are indicators of community structure, and are important for monitoring ecosystem changes. Mammals colonized the marine environment on seven separate occasions, which resulted in differences in species' physiology, morphology and behaviour. It is likely that these changes have had a major effect upon predator–prey relationships and trophic position; however, the effect of environment is yet to be clarified. We compiled a dataset, based on the literature, to explore the relationship between body mass, trophic level and predator–prey ratio across terrestrial ( n = 51) and marine ( n = 56) mammals. We did not find the expected positive relationship between trophic level and body mass, but we did find that marine carnivores sit 1.3 trophic levels higher than terrestrial carnivores. Also, marine mammals are largely carnivorous and have significantly larger predator–prey ratios compared with their terrestrial counterparts. We propose that primary productivity, and its availability, is important for mammalian trophic structure and body size. Also, energy flow and community structure in the marine environment are influenced by differences in energy efficiency and increased food web stability. Enhancing our knowledge of feeding ecology in mammals has the potential to provide insights into the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial communities.

On the life cycle of Hymenolepis evaginata Barker and Andrews, 1915 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of muskrats, Ondatra zibethica (L., 1766)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 502-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Greaves ◽  
L. Jarecka ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Aquatic Birds ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Full Development

Between October 2, 1985, and November 16, 1986, 129 muskrats, Ondatra zibethica were collected in New Brunswick and examined for parasites. Forty-one of the muskrats harboured the the cestode Hymenolepis evaginata in the small intestine, with infections ranging from 1-10 worms per host. To determine the intermediate host of H. evaginata, a number of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates were exposed to oncospheres in the laboratory. Full development of a tailed cysticercoid only occurred in the ostracod Cyclocypris laevis. The cysticercoid undergoes typical protocepyhalic development in this micro-crustacean. This characteristic, regarded as primitive, occurs in hymenolepidids found in aquatic birds. It appears that although this cestode is commonly found in mammals, it is more closely related to aquatic avian hymenolepidids than to those found in terrestrial mammals.

Environmental pollutants and marine mammal health: The potential impact of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons on immune system dysfunction

2020 ◽  
pp. 223-248
Author(s):  
David Busbee ◽  
Ian Tizard ◽  
Jeffrey Sroit ◽  
Davide Ferrirc ◽  
Ellen Orr-reeves
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction

This paper provides a detailed review of the immunotoxicological effects of environmental pollutants on the health of marine mammals, particularly in relation to their impact on the immune system and mechanisms of toxicity. Environmental pollutants are increasingly implicated (both directly and indirectly) with the onset of infectious disease and related mortality incidents in marine mammals,. The release of chemicals into the marine environment and the subsequent bioaccumulation up the food chain may pose a serious threat to marine mammals inhabiting contaminated areas; this has been documented in various studies of pollutant concentrations in tissue samples and large scale mass mortalities. Data correlating pollutant residues with altered reproductive/developmental states, and immune system dysfunction in particular, are reported for terrestrial mammals and suggest a similar association in marine mammals. Immunology is emphasised as a tool for assessing marine mammal health using quantitative and qualitative techniques to establish the effects of chemical pollutants. This has become increasingly important in relation to the subsequent dangers that may be posed to humans through any indirect exposure via the food chain.

scholarly journals Sonar-induced temporary hearing loss in dolphins

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Aran Mooney ◽  
Paul E. Nachtigall ◽  
Stephanie Vlachos
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Ocean Noise ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
High Sound

There is increasing concern that human-produced ocean noise is adversely affecting marine mammals, as several recent cetacean mass strandings may have been caused by animals' interactions with naval ‘mid-frequency’ sonar. However, it has yet to be empirically demonstrated how sonar could induce these strandings or cause physiological effects. In controlled experimental studies, we show that mid-frequency sonar can induce temporary hearing loss in a bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). Mild-behavioural alterations were also associated with the exposures. The auditory effects were induced only by repeated exposures to intense sonar pings with total sound exposure levels of 214 dB re: 1 μPa 2  s. Data support an increasing energy model to predict temporary noise-induced hearing loss and indicate that odontocete noise exposure effects bear trends similar to terrestrial mammals. Thus, sonar can induce physiological and behavioural effects in at least one species of odontocete; however, exposures must be of prolonged, high sound exposures levels to generate these effects.

Spectral-tuning mechanisms of marine mammal rhodopsins and correlations with foraging depth

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFRY I. FASICK ◽  
PHYLLIS R. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Spectral Tuning ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Deep Diving

It has been observed that deep-foraging marine mammals have visual pigments that are blue shifted in terms of their wavelength of maximal absorbance (λmax) when compared to analogous pigments from terrestrial mammals. The mechanisms underlying the spectral tuning of two of these blue-shifted pigments have recently been elucidated and depend on three amino acid substitutions (83Asn, 292Ser, and 299Ser) in dolphin rhodopsin, but only one amino acid substitution (308Ser) in the dolphin long-wavelength-sensitive pigment. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular basis for changes in the spectral sensitivity of rod visual pigments from seven distantly related marine mammals. The results show a relationship between blue-shifted rhodopsins (λmax ≤ 490 nm), deep-diving foraging behavior, and the substitutions 83Asn and 292Ser. Species that forage primarily near the surface in coastal habitats have a rhodopsin with a λmax similar to that of terrestrial mammals (500 nm) and possess the substitutions 83Asp and 292Ala, identical to rhodopsins from terrestrial mammals.

scholarly journals The first Miocene fossils from coastal woodlands in the southern East African Rift

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene Bobe ◽  
Vera Aldeias ◽  
Zeresenay Alemseged ◽  
Will Archer ◽  
Georges Aumaitre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
East African Rift ◽  
Rift System ◽  
East African Rift System ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
East African ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Pedogenic Carbonates ◽  
African Mammals ◽  
African Rift

The Miocene is a key time in the evolution of African mammals and their ecosystems witnessing the origin of the African apes and the isolation of eastern coastal forests through an expanding biogeographic arid corridor. Until recently, however, Miocene sites from the southeastern regions of the continent were unknown. Here we report discovery of the first Miocene fossil teeth from the shoulders of the Urema Rift in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, at the southern East African Rift System. We provide the first 1) radiometric age determinations of the fossiliferous Mazamba Formation, 2) reconstructions of past vegetation in the region based on pedogenic carbonates and fossil wood, and 3) description of fossil teeth from the southern rift. Gorongosa is unique in the East African Rift System in combining marine invertebrates, marine vertebrates, terrestrial mammals, and fossil woods in coastal paleoenvironments. The Gorongosa fossil sites offer the first evidence of persistent woodlands and forests on the coastal margins of southeastern Africa during the Miocene, and an exceptional assemblage of fossil vertebrates including new species. Further work will allow the testing of hypotheses positing the formation of a northeast-southwest arid corridor isolating species on the eastern coastal forests from those elsewhere in Africa.

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