scholarly journals Migrations in the Archaeology of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Some Comments on the Current State of Research)

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-138
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research

On the Transmission of Indian Medical Texts to the Arabs in the Early Middle Ages

Arabica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 82-97
Author(s):  
Oliver Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Indian Medical ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bibliographical Survey ◽  
State Of Research

Abstract The transmission of Indian scientific and, notably, medical texts to the Arabs during the heyday of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad (ca 158/775-205/820) is still largely shrouded in myth; its investigation continues to be hampered not only by serious methodological problems but also by a lack of philological groundwork and a shortage of trained researchers. This article, which in essence is meant to serve as a rough guide into one prospective field of “Indo-Arabic” studies, focuses on a badly neglected though highly promising cluster of texts, namely those that relate to the translation and adaptation of certain Ayurvedic key works from Sanskrit into Arabic. A general assessment of the current state of research, of the factors that condition our knowledge and of the obstacles and limitations posed by the very nature of the subject, is followed by a bio-bibliographical survey of Ayurvedic texts which were subject to transmission; the article is rounded off by six Sanskrit-into-Arabic text samples, with English translations for both.

Royal and Aristocratic Landscapes of Pleasure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mileson
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter summarizes the current state of research on royal and aristocratic landscapes of pleasure, including forests, parks, warrens, gardens, and tournament grounds. It is shown that archaeological evidence has made a strong contribution to knowledge about the function, extent, and significance of these landscapes across Britain. Nevertheless, much fieldwork remains to be done, especially in Wales and Scotland. The most fruitful approach to individual case studies and regional analysis is to combine documents, maps, and place-names with material remains. Future advances in understanding will require close engagement with wider debates about changes in the distribution of power during the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Combat Training for Horse and Rider in the Early Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Gassmann
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Current State ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
Literature Source ◽  
And Training

Abstract The cavalry horse, tactics and training in Western Europe – the Euro-pean provinces of the Roman Empire of the West and the Frankish Empire – du-ring the Early Middle Ages (c. 500-1000) are still subject to many myths in both popular media and academic literature. Source material is admittedly thin, yet it is specific enough to allow us to correct many of these misconceptions and outright errors. The article initially summarises the current state of knowledge on the war horse of the period, by reference to the archaeological record. It then reviews the cavalry’s battlefield tactics, derives the skill level required to execute the manoeuvres described in the sources, and analyses where and how this training could have been provided. The information gleaned provides an insight into the skills and expertise neces-sary to achieve the requisite sophisticated level of horsemanship. We shall argue that these imply a considerable investment in organisational infrastructure, per-sonnel and institutional memory, which has so far not received much academic attention, and has wider implications for our view of the era.

scholarly journals PRAGUE GROSCHEN IN THE RESEARCH OF CZECH NUMISMATICS

2021 ◽  
pp. 281-298
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Potyl’chak ◽  
Vladyslav Herasymenko
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Current State ◽  
Separate Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
State Of Research

The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and current state of research in Czech numismatics of the XIX - early XXI centuries in the context of coinage, penetration and use of Prague groschen as a means of payment in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The research methodology is outlined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity, and the main methods used in the study were historiographic analysis and historiographic synthesis, as well as general scientific methods of generalization and systematization. The scientific novelty is determined by the attempt to comprehensively analyze and generalize the historiographical achievements of Czech numismatics in the context of the problem of the participation of Prague money in the circulation of Central and Eastern Europe in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. The process of formation, development and current state of Czech and Slovak numismatics in the study of chronology and geography of Grossi pragenses penetration into the coin markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the XIV-XV centuries are considered. The authors have singled out periodization of the historiographical process of numismatic research of the outlined problem is formulated and substantiated, the range of issues that need further study and scientific interpretation. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical work outlined in the topic of the article allows distinguishing three consecutive periods of numismatic research on the issue of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. The first period of Czech and Slovak historiography of the problem covers the 80's of the XIX - 30's of the XX century. Beginning with sporadic attempts to describe and register the known types of Prague groschen minted by Czech kings from Wenceslas II (1278-1305) to Ferdinand I (1526-1562). At the beginning of the twentieth century, these studies grew into purposeful scientific cataloguing, study, and systematization of metrological indicators of coins, details of their images, legends, and countermarks. Special studies of the preconditions for the preparation and conduct of the monetary reform of Wenceslas II, the rate of coins minted by him, and the peculiarities of the issuance policy of this monarch were begun. At the same time, a description of the stamp versions of Vladislav II's money (1471-1516) was initiated. However, the technical imperfection of the equipment for visual inspection and photo-fixation of numismatic material at that time often caused incomplete or inaccurate data. The second period of numismatic research on our topic covered the 1950s - early 1990s. At this time there is not only an expansion of the study of the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen but also qualitative changes in the methodology of numismatic research. The stamp varieties and chronology of the issue of Prague groschen, including those minted during the reigns of John of Luxembourg, Wenceslas IV and Charles IV, Wladyslaw II, and Louis I, have been studied. Scholars described and analyzed countermarks (overprinting) on coins, drew attention to the historical and art analysis of the iconography of Prague groschen; the quality of coinage. The third, modern period of development of Czech and Slovak numismatic studies on the history of minting and circulation of Prague groschen began in the first half of the 1990s. This historiographical period differs from the previous ones primarily by the intensive replenishment of the database of numismatic sources on the topic. On the other hand, the study of coinage and circulation of Prague groschen from purely historical or numismatic grow into interdisciplinary, increasingly numismatists, to search or confirm data, use not only relevant methods of numismatics (methods of stamping and comparative analysis, topography of treasures and individual coins). allocation of periods of money circulation, methods of analysis of the composition of coin treasures), complex methods of special historical disciplines, but also modern non-destructive methods of natural sciences (Physico-chemical analysis of coin metal, spectral research, etc.). Technical perfection of modern devices used by scientists for visual inspection and macro photography of coins facilitates complete research. The current stage of research of Czech numismatists in the field of our problem is characterized by a combination of research efforts in the study of some theoretical and applied issues of minting and circulation of Prague groschen. In particular, data on recently discovered treasures of Prague groschen are published, the history of their minting in the archaic period (1300-1385) is studied, and little-known and previously unknown variants of stamps of these coins are studied. The new source base describes the technological and typological features of numerous coinage varieties of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419) and Ferdinand I (1526-1562), coins are arranged in detail by type and catalogued. A separate area of numismatic research became the issue of counterfeiting Prague groschen.

scholarly journals Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Jayne Carroll ◽  
Andrew Reynolds ◽  
Barbara Yorke
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
European Area ◽  
Current State ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Topical Area ◽  
Written Sources

This chapter provides an interdisciplinary, scene-setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. While much previous work in this field tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this contribution emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation. Introductions are provided to the study of geographies of power through archaeological analyses, vocabularies of power drawing on place-name evidence and notions of law and its enactment at assembly sites from written sources. It is argued that places where power was enacted in a period of non-urban social and administrative complexity must be understood on their own terms. The robusticity and flexibility of early medieval networks of power is also emphasised in the context of a comparative discussion ranging across the European area.

scholarly journals The Undying Controversy of the Presence of Slavs on the Island of Crete. Remarks on a New Book by Pantelis Haralampakis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 725-733
Author(s):  
Elwira Kaczyńska ◽  
Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Middle Ages

The paper demonstrates the current state of research on the presence of Slavs on the island of Crete in the Middle Ages, as well as in the modern times. The basis for the discussion is a new book of Pantelis Haralampakis, published in 2016. There are numerous controversies surrounding the issues of the exact chronology of Slavic presence on the island, the lexical influence of South Slavic languages on the Cretan dialect of Modern Greek, as well as possible traces of Slavic settlements in the Cretan toponymy.

scholarly journals La escribanía luso-castellana de Isabel, primogénita de los Reyes Católicos

Medievalismo ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 15-41
Author(s):  
Nicolás ÁVILA-SEOANE
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Hybrid Models ◽  
The Real ◽  
Language Form ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Real Academia

Estudio diplomático de los documentos intitulados por la infanta Isabel, hija mayor de los Reyes Católicos, princesa y luego reina de Portugal, conservados en el Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo, el Archivo General de Simancas, la Real Academia de la Historia y la Biblioteca Nacional de España; tras revisar el actual estado de las investigaciones sobre Paleografía y Diplomática en la Baja Edad Media portuguesa, se señalan para cada tipología las influencias achacables a una y otra cancillería, dando lugar en ocasiones a modelos híbridos en cuanto a soporte, escritura, lengua, formulario... Diplomatic study of the documents signed by the infanta Isabel, eldest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, princess and then queen of Portugal, preserved in the Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo, the Archivo General de Simancas, the Real Academia de la Historia and the Biblioteca Nacional de España. After reviewing the current state of research on Paleography and Diplomatics in the Portuguese Late Middle Ages, influences from both chancelleries for each typology are indicated, sometimes resulting in hybrid models with regard to their support, writing, language, form, etc.

scholarly journals Geneza i zastosowanie zasady pertynencji w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w polskiej historiografii naukowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 149-176
Author(s):  
Magdalena Biniaś-Szkopek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Archival Science ◽  
Current State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

Artykuł Obraz genezy zasady pertynencji w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w polskiej historiografii naukowej opisuje powstanie i zastosowanie jednej z podstawowych zasad archiwistyki w odradzającym się po pierwszej wojnie światowej państwie polskim. Już w okresie średniowiecza myśl związana z opisaną wtórnie zasadą pertynencji terytorialnej stosowana była instynktownie przez opiekunów dokumentów. Tworzące się prawo międzynarodowe zakładało, iż archiwalia dotyczące danego terytorium do tegoż terytorium należą, jednak aż do końca XIX w. nie istniały jasne kryteria, według których należało dzielić akta w sytuacji zmiany granic. Zagadnienie pertynencji w archiwistyce, pomimo iż w dużej mierze przeniesione zostało na grunt dyskusji o rozmieszczeniu zasobu w warunkach wewnątrzpaństwowych do dziś budzi żywe dyskusje wśród naukowców. Jednak najciekawszy, a równocześnie najbardziej w swoim wymiarze praktyczny jej etap przypadł na okres dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, gdy zagadnienie to było powiązane z kwestią rewindykacji archiwaliów i dóbr kultury oraz odbudową nieistniejącego przez 123 lata państwa polskiego. Właśnie w tym czasie, kiedy rodziła się II Rzeczpospolita, kierunek badań, jakim jest archiwistyka, wkraczał pewnym krokiem do grona nauk humanistycznych. W tych wyjątkowych warunkach politycznych, gospodarczych i społecznych, archiwistyka tworzyła swoje podstawy i najważniejsze definicje, a polscy historycy-archiwiści tego okresu wnieśli swój niezaprzeczalny i do dziś aktualny wkład w zakresie tworzenia zasad przekazywania akt i budowania podstawowych zasad rządzących archiwaliami. Niniejszy tekst pokazuje pracę niezwykłych ludzi: J. Paczkowskiego, J. Siemieńskiego, K. Konarskiego i wielu innych, zarówno na niwie nauki, jak i praktyki politycznej. Równolegle komplementarnie podsumowuje dotychczasowy stan badań nad poruszanym zagadnieniem. The origin and use of the principle of pertinence in the years 1918–1939 in Polish academic historiography The article On the origins of the principle of pertinence in the years 1918–1939 in Polish academic historiography describes the emergence and application of one of the fundamental principles of archival science in Poland in the period of its restoration after the First World War. As early as in the Middle Ages, the idea related to the principle of territorial pertinence, which was later described, was intuitively used by document keepers. The emerging international law assumed that archival materials related to a given territory belong to this territory, however until the end of the 19th century, there were no clear criteria according to which the files were to be divided when the state’s borders changed. The problem of pertinence in archival science still sparks heated debates among scientists, though now it applies to a large extent to the distribution of fonds within the state’s borders. Its most interesting, and at the same time most practical, stage was the period of 1918–1939, when it was connected with the recovery of archival materials and cultural property, and the reconstruction of Poland after 123 years of partitions. In the beginnings of the Second Polish Republic, archival science developed and confidently entered the sphere of humanities. In those exceptional political, economic and social circumstances, archival science created its foundations and basic definitions, while Polish historians/archivists of the time made their indisputable and still valid contribution in terms of creating the rules of transferring files and basic rules of managing archival materials. This text presents the work of these exceptional people: J. Paczkowski, J. Siemieński, K. Konarski and many others, who excelled both in archival theory and practice. It also summarizes the current state of research on this problem.

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