Extinction risks and conservation status of Corybas (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Diurideae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSEA GO ◽  
TAN MUI CHING ◽  
AHMAD AINNUDIN NURUDDIN ◽  
JANNA ONG ABDULLAH ◽  
NG YONG JIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Herbarium Collections

Corybas is an elusive terrestrial orchid genus mostly inhabiting the high peaks in Peninsular Malaysia, which is the most vulnerable habitat to climate change. Nine species, of which seven are endemic, were studied based on natural populations, whereas information on another two was obtained from herbarium collections. Corybas caudatus was excluded from the study due to insufficient materials, and the type was not located. The species investigated were growing in small populations in the remaining moss-covered forests in the highlands. Human activities and temperature rise are two major threats to the wild populations. Our field observations revealed that Corybas species are good indicators of climate change as they are highly sensitive to temperature rise and drop in relative humidity. Judging from the current small number of specimens recollected, the small population sizes and degraded habitats where they grow, Corybas species in Peninsular Malaysia are all threatened by extinction in the wild.

scholarly journals Macro- and micro-morphologies and conservation status of Hymenorchis javanica (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae): the only representative of the genus in Malaysia

Webbia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
Edward Entalai Besi ◽  
Farah Alia Nordin ◽  
Rusea Go
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Iucn Criteria

Analysis of morphological characters and conservation status were carried out for Hymenorchis javanica from Peninsular Malaysia. Morphology was studied in detail and accompanied by a botanical drawing prior to the correct identification. From most closely related Hymenorchis phitamii found in Vietnam, it differs in the lip ovate-oblong with apex acute and margins entire, and the leaves margins prominently serrulate. Based on the current IUCN criteria, we proposed H. javanica as an endangered species under the threatened category. Judging from the current small population sizes and degraded habitats, H. javanica in Malaysia is threatened by extinction in the wild.

scholarly journals Conservation status and recovery of Podocarpus angustifolius: a threatened tree of Cuba

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Ernesto Testé ◽  
Majela Hernández ◽  
Eldis R. Bécquer ◽  
Oliver Valle ◽  
Luis R. González-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Red List ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Area Of Occupancy ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract The recovery of species’ populations is one of the most challenging tasks in conservation, which is why species recovery is most likely to be successful if it involves as many stakeholders as possible. Podocarpus angustifolius, a tree endemic to Cuba, is potentially threatened by overexploitation, deforestation and expansion of exotic species. In December of 2017, in two protected areas containing the only known subpopulations of this species, we recorded the geographical position, height, and diameter at breast height of each individual, and calculated the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). We recorded a total of 575 individuals, 174 of which were adult (defined as ≥ 6 m height on the basis of the occurrence of reproductive structures), and most of which occurred in Lomas de Banao Ecological Reserve. The EOO and AOO were 125.8 km2 and 6.0 km2, respectively. All P. angustifolius that remain in the wild are within two protected areas, either in rainforest relicts or in coffee plantations. The size structure indicates a growing population. Based on our findings we recommend that P. angustifolius should be recategorized from Vulnerable (on the IUCN Red List) and Critically Endangered (on the national Red List) to Endangered, based on criterion D (small population size). We recommend the continued reinforcement of the population at Topes de Collantes Natural Protected Landscape and the continued engagement of local stakeholders for the long-term conservation of this species.

scholarly journals Morphological and phenological shifts in the Plantago lanceolata L. species as linked to climate change over the past 100 years

Hacquetia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-305
Author(s):  
Svitlana Prokhorova ◽  
Maksym Netsvetov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Herbarium Collections ◽  
And Shifts

AbstractHerbarium collections have proven to be irreplaceable information base in recent studies directed towards revealing shifts in plants phenology and morphology caused by climate change. We examined eight parameters of morphological traits in the perennial herb species Plantago lanceolata L. collected in the wild between 1905 and 2019 and stored at the KW-herbarium (Kyiv, Ukraine) to find out if there were changes in plants’ organ sizes during the last 114 years. For this period, we also calculated 13 climatic parameters obtained from meteorological records from the State archive that gave us the opportunity to check if there are any relations between the climate change in Kyiv region and shifts in morphological parameters of plants. Our results have shown Plantago lanceolata leaf blades, petioles and spikes had become significantly longer with time, increasing 3.0 cm, 2.1 cm and 0.6 cm respectively. The Co-inertia analysis revealed that 34% of the morphological changes was attributed to climate change. The analysis also demonstrated that leaf length correlated more with raised temperatures when plants were in flower, while spike length depended on the temperatures during bud development. Received knowledge can be used to reveal rapid evolutionary processes of the Plantago species and predicting their further course for the construction of historical climate models based on the leaves traits.

scholarly journals Low genetic variation in a Pacific cycad: conservation concerns for Cycas seemannii (Cycadaceae)

Oryx ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Keppel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Fragmented Population

The conservation status of Cycas seemannii, native to Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga, is assessed based on isozyme analysis, abundance estimates and factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetic variation in the species is low and genetic differentiation between populations is high, as compared to plants in general and to other cycads. Lower genetic variation was detected in a fragmented population as compared to less disturbed populations. Low gene flow was also detected, implying little contact between the various populations. A conservative estimate of 17,000 individuals remaining in the wild was obtained, with more than half of these located on the islands of Vanuatu. Accounts of past abundance suggest declining population sizes, most likely the result of repeated burning. Other factors that may be contributing to the decline are decreasing importance to and protection by humans, habitat alteration for agricultural and developmental purposes, and poor dispersal and recolonisation potential. An assessment based on the present estimated abundance and what is known of recent declines in numbers, indicates that the species should be categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On some of the densely populated islands, such as Viti Levu in Fiji and Nukualofa in Tonga, the species is locally Endangered or Critically Endangered. Possible conservation measures are suggested, and it is emphasised that populations on different islands must be considered separately because of their genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals The conservation physiology of seed dispersal

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1596) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
H. Martin Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Species Dispersal ◽  
Conservation Physiology ◽  
Plant Dispersal ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
Population Sizes

At a time when plant species are experiencing increasing challenges from climate change, land-use change, harvesting and invasive species, dispersal has become a very important aspect of plant conservation. Seed dispersal by animals is particularly important because some animals disperse seeds to suitable sites in a directed fashion. Our review has two aims: (i) to highlight the various ways plant dispersal by animals can be affected by current anthropogenic change and (ii) to show the important role of plant and (particularly) animal physiology in shaping seed–dispersal interactions. We argue that large-bodied seed dispersers may be particularly important for plant conservation because seed dispersal of large-seeded plants is often more specialized and because large-bodied animals are targeted by human exploitation and have smaller population sizes. We further argue that more specialized seed-dispersal systems on island ecosystems might be particularly at risk from climate change both owing to small population sizes involved but also owing to the likely thermal specialization, particularly on tropical islands. More generally, the inherent vulnerability of seed-dispersal mutualisms to disruption driven by environmental change (as well as their ubiquity) demands that we continue to improve our understanding of their conservation physiology.

scholarly journals Population extinctions driven by climate change, population size, and time since observation may make rare species databases inaccurate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kaye ◽  
Matt A Bahm ◽  
Andrea S Thorpe ◽  
Erin C Gray ◽  
Ian Pfingsten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Population Extinction ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Potential Signal

Loss of biological diversity through population extinctions is a global phenomenon that threatens many ecosystems. Managers often rely on databases of rare species locations to plan land use actions and conserve at-risk taxa, so it is crucial that the information they contain is accurate and dependable. However, climate change, small population sizes, and long gaps between surveys may be leading to undetected extinctions of many populations. We used repeated survey records for a rare but widespread orchid, Cypripedium fasciculatum (clustered lady's slipper), to model population extinction risk based on elevation, population size, and time between observations. Population size was negatively associated with extinction, while elevation and time between observations interacted such that low elevation populations were most vulnerable to extinction, but only over larger time spans. We interpret population losses at low elevations as a potential signal of climate change impacts. We used this model to estimate the probability of persistence of populations across California and Oregon, and found that 31%-56% of the 2415 populations reported in databases from this region are likely extinct. Managers should be aware that the number of populations of rare species in their databases is potentially an overestimate, and consider resurveying these populations to document their presence and condition, with priority given to older reports of small populations, especially those at low elevations or in other areas with high climate vulnerability.

scholarly journals Seed Cryostorage and Micropropagation of Georgia Aster, Symphyotrichum georgianum (Alexander) Nesom: A Threatened Species from the Southeastern United States

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-755
Author(s):  
Sullivan Lynch ◽  
Rachel K. Johnston ◽  
Ron O. Determann ◽  
Jennifer M. Cruse-Sanders ◽  
Gerald S. Pullman
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Half Strength

Symphyotrichum georgianum (Asteraceae), commonly known as Georgia aster, is a candidate for listing under the Federal Endangered Species Act in the four southeastern U.S. states where it lives. Rarity of this species is thought to be attributable in part to small population sizes and limited seed production. Protocols for in vitro germination, sustainable shoot micropropagation, shoot establishment in soil, and seed cryopreservation are presented that will assist in the safeguarding and augmentation of dwindling natural populations. Germination in vitro on growth regulator-free half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium after sterilization in H2O2 initiated the development of shoot cultures. Shoot multiplication and elongation occurred on half-strength MS salts containing 0.1 mg·L–l benzylaminopurine and 0.2 mg·L–l gibberellic acid, producing an average of 18 new shoots over a 6- to 8-week subculture cycle. Shoots rooted easily when planted into cutting mix after treatment with rooting powder containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or in vitro rooting in medium with or without N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA). Plant survival after 1 month was 90% or higher for all treatments. Cryopreservation tests with seeds from three populations averaged 46.7% germination compared with control seed (no cryostorage) germination of 43%; differences were not statistically significant. Fresh seeds and seeds equilibrated for 1 to 4 weeks at room temperature and 12% relative humidity did not differ significantly in germination post-cryopreservation. Initial observations suggest that Georgia aster rapidly loses seed viability over 1 to 2 years when stored at room temperature. The ability to increase seed longevity through cryopreservation storage may be a critical step in the conservation of this species.

scholarly journals Genomic insights into the conservation status of the world’s last remaining Sumatran rhinoceros populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna von Seth ◽  
Nicolas Dussex ◽  
David Díez-del-Molino ◽  
Tom van der Valk ◽  
Verena E. Kutschera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Mutational Load ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Risk Of Extinction ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Near Future

AbstractSmall populations are often exposed to high inbreeding and mutational load that can increase the risk of extinction. The Sumatran rhinoceros was widespread in Southeast Asia, but is now restricted to small and isolated populations on Sumatra and Borneo, and most likely extinct on the Malay Peninsula. Here, we analyse 5 historical and 16 modern genomes from these populations to investigate the genomic consequences of the recent decline, such as increased inbreeding and mutational load. We find that the Malay Peninsula population experienced increased inbreeding shortly before extirpation, which possibly was accompanied by purging. The populations on Sumatra and Borneo instead show low inbreeding, but high mutational load. The currently small population sizes may thus in the near future lead to inbreeding depression. Moreover, we find little evidence for differences in local adaptation among populations, suggesting that future inbreeding depression could potentially be mitigated by assisted gene flow among populations.

First record of albinism in spiny rats of genus Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from Western Amazon

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-609
Author(s):  
Jeronymo Dalapicolla ◽  
Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Roth ◽  
Alexandre Reis Percequillo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
First Record ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Marker ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Albino Phenotype ◽  
Porto Velho

AbstractAlbinism is a rare condition in natural populations. One of the factors that would lead to higher allele frequency for the albino phenotype is bottleneck events, causing small population sizes and loss of genetic diversity. Here, we report the first record of albinism in one specimen of Proechimys gardneri from Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. This is also the first record of albinism for the genus and for the family Echimyidae. We identified the specimen through morphology and confirmed the identification by 801 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial marker cytochrome b (Cyt b). We also discuss the selection against albino phenotype in natural populations.

Typification and taxonomic re-evaluation of Centaurea crnogorica and C. gjurasinii, two neglected yellow-flowered endemics of the Balkan Peninsula (Centaurea sect. Acrocentron, Asteraceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 461 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-124
Author(s):  
JELICA NOVAKOVIĆ ◽  
PATRIK MRÁZ ◽  
DANIJELA STEŠEVIĆ ◽  
PETAR D. MARIN ◽  
BOJAN ZLATKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Locus Classicus

In the most recent taxonomic literature, Centaurea crnogorica and C. gjurasinii, two neglected yellow-flowered taxa of C. sect. Acrocentron, have been treated as heterotypic synonyms of C. chrysolepis. Based on morphometric study, and study of type specimens and living plants from the locus classicus of C. gjurasinii and the only known population of C. crnogorica, as well as from several populations of C. chrysolepis from Eastern Serbia, we have found morphological differences among these three taxa. This has allowed us to re-evaluate taxonomic status of both, C. crnogorica and C. gjurasinii, which merit the species rank. The names C. crnogorica and C. gjurasinii are typified, and new expanded descriptions and illustrations are provided. We assessed also their conservation status. Because of their rarity, both taxa being narow endemics of two mountain ranges in Montenegro (the Durmitor Mts. and the Prokletje Mts.) and having small population sizes, C. crnogorica and C. gjurasinii are evaluated as critically endangered at national and global levels.

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