Advertisement call of two threatened red-bellied-toads, Melanophryniscus cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (Anura: Bufonidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest, southern Brazil

In anuran amphibians, acoustic signals are fundamental mechanisms of mate recognition and mate choice, which makes frog calls a fundamental tool for anuran taxonomy. In this work, we describe the advertisement call of two species for the genus Melanophryniscus, M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus and use the descriptions to try to solve a taxonomic problem between them. We collected data after heavy rains in three different sample sites in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2012 and 2013. The advertisement call of both species is composed of two segments. It always begins with part A (about 0.44–6 seconds) composed of single modulated pulses separated by long time intervals. It is followed by part B, a long train of unmodulated pulses with short time intervals, lasting from 9 to 32.2 seconds. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated some variation between temporal parameters of the two species, but Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed no significant differences. Within-individual Coefficient of Variation (CV) showed only two static parameters: pulse rate and peak frequency, both in the part B of the call. Despite intra-male variation in some acoustic parameters, it is not possible to differentiate between M. cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus species only using bioacoustics.

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Optimal Perturbations of an Oceanic Vortex Lens

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids3030063 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Meunier ◽

Claire Ménesguen ◽

Xavier Carton ◽

Sylvie Le Gentil ◽

Richard Schopp

Keyword(s):

Normal Mode ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Horizontal Structure ◽

Azimuthal Wave ◽

Wave Numbers ◽

Non Linear ◽

Long Time ◽

Short Time

The stability properties of a vortex lens are studied in the quasi geostrophic (QG) framework using the generalized stability theory. Optimal perturbations are obtained using a tangent linear QG model and its adjoint. Their fine-scale spatial structures are studied in details. Growth rates of optimal perturbations are shown to be extremely sensitive to the time interval of optimization: The most unstable perturbations are found for time intervals of about 3 days, while the growth rates continuously decrease towards the most unstable normal mode, which is reached after about 170 days. The horizontal structure of the optimal perturbations consists of an intense counter-shear spiralling. It is also extremely sensitive to time interval: for short time intervals, the optimal perturbations are made of a broad spectrum of high azimuthal wave numbers. As the time interval increases, only low azimuthal wave numbers are found. The vertical structures of optimal perturbations exhibit strong layering associated with high vertical wave numbers whatever the time interval. However, the latter parameter plays an important role in the width of the vertical spectrum of the perturbation: short time interval perturbations have a narrow vertical spectrum while long time interval perturbations show a broad range of vertical scales. Optimal perturbations were set as initial perturbations of the vortex lens in a fully non linear QG model. It appears that for short time intervals, the perturbations decay after an initial transient growth, while for longer time intervals, the optimal perturbation keeps on growing, quickly leading to a non-linear regime or exciting lower azimuthal modes, consistent with normal mode instability. Very long time intervals simply behave like the most unstable normal mode. The possible impact of optimal perturbations on layering is also discussed.

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Design and interpretation of cell trajectory assays

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2013.0630 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (88) ◽

pp. 20130630 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lucie G. Bowden ◽

Matthew J. Simpson ◽

Ruth E. Baker

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Time Interval ◽

Short Time Interval ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Different Types ◽

Long Time ◽

A Cell ◽

Cell Trajectory ◽

Short Time

Cell trajectory data are often reported in the experimental cell biology literature to distinguish between different types of cell migration. Unfortunately, there is no accepted protocol for designing or interpreting such experiments and this makes it difficult to quantitatively compare different published datasets and to understand how changes in experimental design influence our ability to interpret different experiments. Here, we use an individual-based mathematical model to simulate the key features of a cell trajectory experiment. This shows that our ability to correctly interpret trajectory data is extremely sensitive to the geometry and timing of the experiment, the degree of motility bias and the number of experimental replicates. We show that cell trajectory experiments produce data that are most reliable when the experiment is performed in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry with a large number of identically prepared experiments conducted over a relatively short time-interval rather than a few trajectories recorded over particularly long time-intervals.

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Corrosion and Inhibition Effects of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Containing Organophosphonic Acid

International Journal of Corrosion ◽

10.1155/2013/582982 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manish Gupta ◽

Jyotsna Mishra ◽

K. S. Pitre

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Voltammetric Method ◽

Average Value ◽

Long Time ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Short Time

A study has been made on the mechanism of corrosion of mild steel and the effect of nitrilo trimethylene phosphonic (NTMP) acid as a corrosion inhibitor in acidic medium, that is, 10% HC1 using the weight loss method and electrochemical techniques, that is, potentiodynamic and galvanostatic polarization measurements. Although corrosion is a long-time process, but it takes place at a faster rate in the beginning which goes on decreasing with due course of time. The above-mentioned methods of corrosion rate determination furnish an average value for a long-time interval. Looking at the versatility and minimum detection limit of the voltammetric method, the authors have developed a new voltammetric method for the determination of corrosion rate at short-time intervals. The results of corrosion of mild steel in 10% HC1 solution with and without NTMP inhibitor at short-time intervals have been reported. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of NTMP is 93% after 24 h.

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Evaluation of time memory in acutely depressed patients, manic patients, and healthy controls using a time reproduction task

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.07.001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 430-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Richard Mahlberg ◽

Thorsten Kienast ◽

Tom Bschor ◽

Mazda Adli

Keyword(s):

Internal Clock ◽

Time Interval ◽

Short Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Reproduction Task ◽

Time Reproduction ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Long Time ◽

Short Time ◽

Manic Patients

AbstractPatients with affective disorders have often been reported to experience subjective changes in how they perceive the flow of time. Time reproduction tasks provide information about the memory component of time perception and are thought to remain unaffected by pulse rate disturbances in the pacemaker of the internal clock.In our study, 30 patients with acute depression, 30 patients with acute mania, and 30 healthy subjects of all age groups were presented with a time reproduction task. Participants were asked to observe a stimulus presented on a computer screen for a certain length of time and, subsequently, to reproduce the stimulus for a similar length of time by pressing the space bar on the computer keyboard. Stimuli were presented to each subject for 1, 6, and 37 s.On average, the time intervals reproduced by manic patients were shorter than those reproduced by depressed patients. Manic patients reproduced the short time interval (6 s) correctly, but under-reproduced the long time interval (37 s, P < 0.001). Depressed patients correctly reproduced the long time interval, but over-reproduced the short time interval (P < 0.001).Remembering time intervals as having been longer than they actually were may lead to a slowed experience of time, as has been described in depressed patients; precisely the converse seems to apply to manic patients.

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Der magnetokatalytische Effekt der Ortho-Para-Wasserstoff-Konversion an Nickelkatalysatoren

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1955-0411 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 330-339

Author(s):

Gerhard Vieth

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Curie Temperature ◽

Preceding Paper ◽

Frequency Factor ◽

Thermal Method ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Long Time ◽

Systematic Effects ◽

Experimental Errors ◽

Short Time

In a preceding paper Justi and Vieth investigated the influence of external magnetic fields upon the catalytic activity of ferromagnetic substances. The reaction p-H2 →η-H2 was chosen for this study because it cannot lead to secondary chemical products which might be deposited upon the catalyst, thereby altering its surface. In spite of this elimination of systematic experimental errors a considerable margin of errors still persisted owing to seemingly uncontrollable temporal fluctuations of the activity of the catalyst caused by the necessary interruptions of the gas stream. These fluctuations may, in the relatively long time intervals lapsing between consecutive withdrawals of samples for static analysis, simulate spurious systematic effects. Therefore the thermal method for measuring and registering the concentrations of p- and o-hydrogen was further developed thus that the values are measured and registered in so short time intervals that a practically continuous curve is obtained which no longer needs any arbitrary interpolation. The increase of accuracy thus achieved was used in the first instance for a renewed study of the Hedvall effects, i. e. the alterations of the activity of nickel in the Curie interval. The diagrams obtained show with great certainty that the activation energy and the frequency factor of the p-n-H2-conversion are smaller above than below the Curie temperature of nickel. This result is in line with the known behaviour of the adsorption of hydrogen in the transition from para- to ferromagnetism. When studying other reactions, e. g. decomposition of N2O and formic acid, Hedvall et al. have observed an increase of the activation energy and of the temperature coefficient when transgressing the Curie temperature. This difference between their and our findings is nevertheless quite in line with Hedvalls perception of the basic changes in the catalyst underlying the phenomena observed and becomes understandable if the results of Suhrmann and Sachtler are considered, who show that alterations of the energy of electron emission may have widely differing effects upon the activation of reactions with electronegative and electropositive adsorbates respectively.

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Short-Time Tests for Long-Time Endurance

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican0423-264 ◽

1923 ◽

Vol 128 (4) ◽

pp. 264-264

Author(s):

J. W. Harsch

Keyword(s):

Long Time ◽

Short Time

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Proposal of PV Output Estimate Method in Short Time Intervals

IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy ◽

10.1541/ieejpes.136.891 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 136 (12) ◽

pp. 891-897 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katsuhiro Matsuda ◽

Kazuhiro Misawa ◽

Hirotaka Takahashi ◽

Kenta Furukawa ◽

Satoshi Uemura

Keyword(s):

Time Intervals ◽

Estimate Method ◽

Short Time

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Nearest-Neighbor Distances Change Over Short Time Intervals in Foraging Flocks of Shorebirds

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE ◽

10.2326/osj.19.107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Ivana Novcic

Keyword(s):

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Short Time ◽

Nearest Neighbor Distances

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Effect of Vial shaking on Loading Time of Epirubicin into Drug-Eluting Bead

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v5i3.8878 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenji Ikeda ◽

Yusuke Kawamura ◽

Masahiro Kobayashi ◽

Taito Fukushima ◽

Yushi Sorin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antitumor Agent ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Vortex Mixer ◽

Long Time ◽

Group A ◽

Drug Eluting ◽

Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Group B ◽

Time Required ◽

Short Time

Background: Although DC Bead has been useful in treatment of multiple and large hepatocellular carcinoma, loading time of doxorubicin into the DC Bead takes a long time of 30-120 minutes. Epirubicin is also used as an antitumor agent together with DC Bead, but its loading efficiency was not sufficiently elucidated. Methods: To shorten loading time of epirubicin into DC Bead (100-300µm, 300-500µm, 500-700µm), we examined the following three methods after mixing the drug: (a) let stand in room temperature, (b) agitated for 30 seconds with Vortex mixer, and (c) sonicated for 30 seconds with ultrasonic cleaner. After loading of epirubicin by each method, supernatant concentration for epirubicin was assayed at 5, 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Results: Epirubicin loading rates for small bead (100-300µm) at 5 minutes were 82.9 % in group a, 93.8% in group b, and 79.9 % in group c. Similarly, medium bead (300-500µm), 40.1% in group a, 65.7% in group b and 45.5% in group c, respectively. In large-sized bead (500-700µm), loaded rates of epirubicin were 38.8% in group a, 59.0% in group b and 48.0% in group c. Agitation of mixture of epirubicin and DC Bead with Vortex mixer significantly shortened the loading time, but sonication did not affect the time required. Microscopic examination did not lead to any morphological change of microspheres in all the methods. Conclusions: Short time of agitation with Vortex mixer reduced the necessary time for loading of epirubicin in every standard of DC Bead.

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