Brain Plasticity by Multiple Single Neurons Scattered in the Brain Cortex

The hand is an extension of the brain, and the hand is projected and represented in large areas of the motor and sensory cortex. The brain is a complicated neural network which continuously remodels itself as a result of changes in sensory input. Such synaptic reorganizational changes may be activity-dependent, based on alterations in hand activity and tactile experience, or a result of deafferentiation such as nerve injury or amputation. Inferior recovery of functional sensibility following nerve repair, as well as phantom experiences in virtual, amputated limbs are phenomena reflecting profound cortical reorganizational changes. Surgical procedures on the hand are always accompanied by synaptic reorganizational changes in the brain cortex, and the outcome from many hand surgical procedures is to a large extent dependent on brain plasticity.

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GLUTAMATE/GABA DISBALANCE IN COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RADIATION AND TRAUMATIC INJURY OF THE BRAIN CORTEX

Aerospace and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.21687/0233-528x-2019-53-6-5-10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 5-10

Author(s):

V.S. Kokhan ◽

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Traumatic Injury ◽

The Brain

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A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2019-0108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 681-689

Author(s):

Jalal Mirakhorli ◽

Hamidreza Amindavar ◽

Mojgan Mirakhorli

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Brain Network ◽

High Order ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Simultaneous Occurrence ◽

Generative Adversarial Network ◽

The Brain ◽

Brain Connections

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging a neuroimaging technique which is used in brain disorders and dysfunction studies, has been improved in recent years by mapping the topology of the brain connections, named connectopic mapping. Based on the fact that healthy and unhealthy brain regions and functions differ slightly, studying the complex topology of the functional and structural networks in the human brain is too complicated considering the growth of evaluation measures. One of the applications of irregular graph deep learning is to analyze the human cognitive functions related to the gene expression and related distributed spatial patterns. Since a variety of brain solutions can be dynamically held in the neuronal networks of the brain with different activity patterns and functional connectivity, both node-centric and graph-centric tasks are involved in this application. In this study, we used an individual generative model and high order graph analysis for the region of interest recognition areas of the brain with abnormal connection during performing certain tasks and resting-state or decompose irregular observations. Accordingly, a high order framework of Variational Graph Autoencoder with a Gaussian distributer was proposed in the paper to analyze the functional data in brain imaging studies in which Generative Adversarial Network is employed for optimizing the latent space in the process of learning strong non-rigid graphs among large scale data. Furthermore, the possible modes of correlations were distinguished in abnormal brain connections. Our goal was to find the degree of correlation between the affected regions and their simultaneous occurrence over time. We can take advantage of this to diagnose brain diseases or show the ability of the nervous system to modify brain topology at all angles and brain plasticity according to input stimuli. In this study, we particularly focused on Alzheimer’s disease.

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Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning Rescues Cognition and Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 461

Author(s):

Sónia C. Correia ◽

Nuno J. Machado ◽

Marco G. Alves ◽

Pedro F. Oliveira ◽

Paula I. Moreira

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Special Focus ◽

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics ◽

Related Phenotype ◽

Brain Resilience ◽

The Brain

The lack of effective disease-modifying therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is unsettling considering the actual prevalence of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) is a powerful non-pharmacological procedure known to enhance brain resilience. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential long-term protective impact of IHC against AD-related phenotype, putting a special focus on cognition and mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. For this purpose, six-month-old male triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD) were submitted to an IHC protocol for two weeks and the behavioral assessment was performed at 8.5 months of age, while the sacrifice of mice occurred at nine months of age and their brains were removed for the remaining analyses. Interestingly, IHC was able to prevent anxiety-like behavior and memory and learning deficits and significantly reduced brain cortical levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in 3×Tg-AD mice. Concerning brain energy metabolism, IHC caused a significant increase in brain cortical levels of glucose and a robust improvement of the mitochondrial bioenergetic profile in 3×Tg-AD mice, as mirrored by the significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, the improvement of mitochondrial bioenergetics seems to result from an adaptative coordination of the distinct but intertwined aspects of the mitochondrial quality control axis. Particularly, our results indicate that IHC favors mitochondrial fusion and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and transport and mitophagy in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, IHC also induced a marked reduction in synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) levels and a significant increase in both glutamate and GABA levels in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice, suggesting a remodeling of the synaptic microenvironment. Overall, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the IHC paradigm in forestalling the AD-related phenotype in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model, offering new insights to AD therapy and forcing a rethink concerning the potential value of non-pharmacological interventions in clinical practice.

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Characterization of calcium-dependent membrane binding proteins of brain cortex

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2290587 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 229 (3) ◽

pp. 587-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A R Rhoads ◽

M Lulla ◽

P B Moore ◽

C E Jackson

Keyword(s):

Brain Cortex ◽

Peptide Mapping ◽

Bovine Brain ◽

Particulate Fraction ◽

Structural Homology ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Calcium Dependent ◽

Stokes Radius ◽

The Brain

Proteins of Mr 68 000, 34 000 and 32 000 were selectively extracted by EGTA from brain cortex. The three proteins that were extracted along with calmodulin were acidic, monomeric, and did not exhibit structural homology, as demonstrated by one-dimensional peptide mapping. The Mr-68 000 protein was purified to homogeneity and had a Stokes radius of 3.54 nm and S20,W value of 5.1S. Purified calmodulin, Mr-68 000 protein and two proteins of Mr 34 000 and Mr 32 000, interacted with the brain particulate fraction, with half-maximal binding occurring at 3.5 microM, 8.3 microM and 150 microM-Ca2+ respectively. Proteins were bound independently of each other and calmodulin. Pretreatment of the particulate fraction with trypsin prevented the Ca2+-dependent binding of calmodulin; however, the binding of the Mr-68 000 protein or the Mr−32 000 and −34 000 proteins was unaffected. The Mr-68 000 protein of bovine brain did not cross-react immunologically with Mr-67 000 calcimedin from chicken gizzard.

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