scholarly journals The adaptive immune system in diseases of the central nervous system

2012 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1172-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Wraith ◽  
Lindsay B. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373
Author(s):  
Shashank Vishwanath Adhikarla ◽  
Niraj Kumar Jha ◽  
Vineet Kumar Goswami ◽  
Ankur Sharma ◽  
Anuradha Bhardwaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain’s “immune privilege” owing to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

The Neuroimmune Interface in Prion Diseases

Physiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
Michael A. Klein ◽  
Adriano Aguzzi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Prion Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders of animals and humans. Here we address the role of the immune system in the spread of prions from peripheral sites to the central nervous system and its potential relevance to iatrogenic prion disease.

scholarly journals Protective immune responses against West Nile virus are primed by distinct complement activation pathways

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (5) ◽  
pp. 1371-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Mehlhop ◽  
Michael S. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Activation Pathways

West Nile virus (WNV) causes a severe infection of the central nervous system in several vertebrate animals including humans. Prior studies have shown that complement plays a critical role in controlling WNV infection in complement (C) 3−/− and complement receptor 1/2−/− mice. Here, we dissect the contributions of the individual complement activation pathways to the protection from WNV disease. Genetic deficiencies in C1q, C4, factor B, or factor D all resulted in increased mortality in mice, suggesting that all activation pathways function together to limit WNV spread. In the absence of alternative pathway complement activation, WNV disseminated into the central nervous system at earlier times and was associated with reduced CD8+ T cell responses yet near normal anti-WNV antibody profiles. Animals lacking the classical and lectin pathways had deficits in both B and T cell responses to WNV. Finally, and somewhat surprisingly, C1q was required for productive infection in the spleen but not for development of adaptive immune responses after WNV infection. Our results suggest that individual pathways of complement activation control WNV infection by priming adaptive immune responses through distinct mechanisms.

Mechanisms of the adaptive immune response inside the central nervous system during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

2006 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Pedemonte ◽  
Gianluigi Mancardi ◽  
Debora Giunti ◽  
Anna Corcione ◽  
Federica Benvenuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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