scholarly journals An Investigation of Cold-Season Short-Wave Troughs in the Great Lakes Region and Their Concurrence with Lake-Effect Clouds

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Metz ◽  
Zachary S. Bruick ◽  
Peyton K. Capute ◽  
Molly M. Neureuter ◽  
Emily W. Ott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Cloud Band ◽  
Wave Trough ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
Concurrent Events

AbstractThe downwind shores of the Laurentian Great Lakes region often receive prolific amounts of lake-effect snowfall during the cold season (October–March). The location and intensity of this snowfall can be influenced by upper-tropospheric features such as short-wave troughs. A 7-yr cold-season climatology of 500-hPa short-wave troughs was developed for the Great Lakes region. A total of 607 short-wave troughs were identified, with an average of approximately 87 short waves per cold season. Five classes of short-wave troughs were identified on the basis of their movement through the Great Lakes region. This short-wave trough dataset was subsequently compared with the lake-effect cloud-band climatology created by N. F. Laird et al. in 2017 to determine how frequently short-wave troughs occurred concurrently with lake-effect cloud bands. Of the 607 short-wave troughs identified, 380 were concurrent with lake-effect clouds. Over 65% of these 380 short-wave troughs occurred with a lake-effect cloud band on at least four of the five Great Lakes. Short-wave troughs that rotated around the base of a long-wave trough were found to have the highest frequency of concurrence. In general, concurrence was most likely during the middle cold-season months. Further, Lake Michigan featured the highest number of concurrent events, and Lake Erie featured the fewest. It is evident that short-wave troughs are a ubiquitous feature near the Great Lakes during the cold season and have the potential to impart substantial impacts on lake-effect snowbands.

scholarly journals Lake-to-Lake Cloud Bands: Frequencies and Locations

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (12) ◽  
pp. 4202-4213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarice Rodriguez ◽  
David A. R. Kristovich ◽  
Mark R. Hjelmfelt
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
Time Period ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery

Abstract Premodification of the atmosphere by upwind lakes is known to influence lake-effect snowstorm intensity and locations over downwind lakes. This study highlights perhaps the most visible manifestation of the link between convection over two or more of the Great Lakes lake-to-lake (L2L) cloud bands. Emphasis is placed on L2L cloud bands observed in high-resolution satellite imagery on 2 December 2003. These L2L cloud bands developed over Lake Superior and were modified as they passed over Lakes Michigan and Erie and intervening land areas. This event is put into a longer-term context through documentation of the frequency with which lake-effect and, particularly, L2L cloud bands occurred over a 5-yr time period over different areas of the Great Lakes region.

The Operation of Cool Edit Pro in Corpus-Based Spoken Language

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 2383-2387
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sound Wave ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Wave Crest ◽  
Sharp Wave ◽  
Wave Trough ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Autonomic Learning ◽  
Language Corpus

Corpus refers to the database of language materials. Cool Edit Pro is a media edit software. This paper explores how to construct spoken language corpus, how to use cool edit pro 2 to make sound wave contrast and give the experimenters an intuitive observation from their own speech waveforms. The key is to offer the obvious waveforms contrast among the sampling waveform of the native speaker, the original and unmodified one of the experimenter and the new waveform of the experimenter after modifications and teachers instructions, which makes the oral autonomic learning more possible and scientific. From long wave or short wave, wave trough or wave crest, smooth wave or sharp wave, the experimenters deviations can be easily identified from the standard during the autonomic practices and efficiently make corrections. Additionally, experimenter also can observe the improvements frequently, which means this experiment more instructive.

Aztalan and the Northern Tier of a Cahokia Hinterland

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Illinois River Valley ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Central Illinois

Cahokia’s northern hinterland can be conceptualized as extending north from the central Illinois River valley into the western and upper Great Lakes region. The northern tier of this hinterland can be thought of as a region north of the Apple River area of northwest Illinois and south of a line extending east from the mouth of the St. Croix River to the western shore of Lake Michigan. This area includes a wide range of landscapes, biotas, and cultures and this diversity is mirrored in the Cahokia-related manifestations found throughout the region. This chapter provides a brief comparison of three northern tier sites/complexes including Trempealeau, Fred Edwards, and Aztalan in order to highlight the diversity of Mississippian-related occupations in the area.

scholarly journals Climatology of cold season lake-effect cloud bands for the North American Great Lakes

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 2111-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil F. Laird ◽  
Nicholas D. Metz ◽  
Lauriana Gaudet ◽  
Coltin Grasmick ◽  
Lindsey Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
North American ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
North American Great Lakes

scholarly journals THE MAIN ORE UNLOADING DOCK FAILURES AND THEIR CORRECTION 1909-1925, GREAT LAKES REGION

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
E. James Fucik
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Chicago River

To start at the beginning of Chicago's lake structures (and first attempts to hold back ware action) we will go back about 120 years, to the year 1833. At that time an Illinois Congressman put through Congress an appropriation of $25,000 to construct a harbor at the south end of Lake Michigan (Fig. 1). At that time the Chicago River was navigable only by canoes. That Congressman, however, argued that the harbor should be located eleven miles south at the Calumet River. He was out-argued by a Captain of the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, who prevailed, and two 500 foot piers were built at the mouth of the Chicago River. The Congressman's name was Stephen A. Douglass and the Captain's name was Jefferson Davis, who evidently was a very persuasive fellow. These piers were either wooden cribs filled with stone, or stone-filled pile piers.

The influence of atmospheric rivers on cold‐season precipitation in the Upper Great Lakes region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian E. Mateling ◽  
Claire Pettersen ◽  
Mark S. Kulie ◽  
Kyle S. Mattingly ◽  
Stephanie A. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers

Cold Season Performance of the NU-WRF Regional Climate Model in the Great Lakes Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Notaro ◽  
Yafang Zhong ◽  
Pengfei Xue ◽  
Christa Peters-Lidard ◽  
Carlos Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Models ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Lake Model

AbstractAs Earth’s largest collection of fresh water, the Laurentian Great Lakes have enormous ecological and socio-economic value. Their basin has become a regional hotspot of climatic and limnological change, potentially threatening its vital natural resources. Consequentially, there is a need to assess the current state of climate models regarding their performance across the Great Lakes region and develop the next generation of high-resolution regional climate models to address complex limnological processes and lake-atmosphere interactions. In response to this need, the current paper focuses on the generation and analysis of a 20-member ensemble of 3-km National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) simulations for the 2014-2015 cold season. The study aims to identify the model’s strengths and weaknesses; optimal configuration for the region; and the impacts of different physics parameterizations, coupling to a 1D lake model, time-variant lake-surface temperatures, and spectral nudging. Several key biases are identified in the cold-season simulations for the Great Lakes region, including an atmospheric cold bias that is amplified by coupling to a 1D lake model but diminished by applying the Community Atmosphere Model radiation scheme and Morrison microphysics scheme; an excess precipitation bias; anomalously early initiation of fall lake turnover and subsequent cold lake bias; excessive and overly persistent lake ice cover; and insufficient evaporation over Lakes Superior and Huron. The research team is currently addressing these key limitations by coupling NU-WRF to a 3D lake model in support of the next generation of regional climate models for the critical Great Lakes Basin.

scholarly journals Climate in the Great Lakes Region Between 14,000 and 4000 Years Ago from Isotopic Composition of Conifer Wood

Radiocarbon ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W Leavitt ◽  
Irina P Panyushkina ◽  
Todd Lange ◽  
Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Li Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Ancient Wood ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Conifer Wood

The isotopic composition of ancient wood has the potential to provide information about past environments. We analyzed the δ13C, δ18O, and δ2H of cellulose of conifer trees from several cross-sections at each of 9 sites around the Great Lakes region ranging from ∼4000 to 14,000 cal BP. Isotopic values of Picea, Pinus, and Thuja species seem interchangeable for δ18O and δ2H comparisons, but Thuja appears distinctly different from the other 2 in its δ13C composition. Isotopic results suggest that the 2 sites of near-Younger Dryas age experienced the coldest conditions, although the Gribben Basin site near the Laurentide ice sheet was relatively dry, whereas the Liverpool site 500 km south was moister. The spatial isotopic variability of 3 of the 4 sites of Two Creeks age shows evidence of an elevation effect, perhaps related to sites farther inland from the Lake Michigan shoreline experiencing warmer daytime growing season temperatures. Thus, despite floristic similarity across sites (wood samples at 7 of the sites being Picea), the isotopes appear to reflect environmental differences that might not be readily evident from a purely floristic interpretation of macrofossil or pollen identification.

A Proposed Diachronic Revision of Late Quaternary Time-Stratigraphic Classification in the Eastern and Northern Great Lakes Area

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Karrow ◽  
Aleksis Dreimanis ◽  
Peter J. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Quaternary Deposits ◽  
Late Wisconsinan ◽  
Stratigraphic Nomenclature ◽  
Lake Michigan Lobe

A succession of stratigraphic codes (1933, 1961, 1983) has guided attempts to refine classifications and naming of stratigraphic units for Quaternary deposits of the Great Lakes region. The most recent classifications for the late Quaternary of the Lake Michigan lobe (1968) and the eastern Great Lakes (1972) have been widely used, but later work has created the need for revision. An attempt has been made to integrate the two previous classifications following the diachronic system of the 1983 Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature. A new nomenclature for the higher, more broadly recognized units was presented in 1997. We here present the diachronic nomenclature for finer subdivisions recognized in the eastern and northern Great Lakes. Following the interglacial Sangamon Episode, the three parts of the Wisconsin Episode are further subdivided as follows: the Ontario Subepisode (former Early Wisconsinan) comprises the Greenwood, Willowvale, and Guildwood phases; the Elgin Subepisode (former Middle Wisconsinan) comprises the Port Talbot, Brimley, and Farmdale phases; and the Michigan Subepisode (former Late Wisconsinan) consists of Nissouri, Erie, Port Bruce, Mackinaw, Port Huron, Two Creeks, Onaway, Gribben, Marquette, Abitibi, and Driftwood phases. Succeeding interglacial time to the present is the Hudson Episode.

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