scholarly journals A Comparison of Cloud Cover Statistics from the GLAS Lidar with HIRS

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4968-4981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wylie ◽  
Edwin Eloranta ◽  
James D. Spinhirne ◽  
Steven P. Palm
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Laser Altimeter ◽  
Cloud Coverage ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Clouds

Abstract The cloud dataset from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) lidar on the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) spacecraft is compared to the cloud analysis of the Wisconsin NOAA High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) Pathfinder. This is the first global lidar dataset from a spacecraft of extended duration that can be compared to the HIRS climatology. It provides an excellent source of cloud information because it is more sensitive to clouds that are difficult to detect, namely, thin cirrus and small boundary layer clouds. The second GLAS data collection period from 1 October to 16 November 2003 was used for this comparison, and a companion dataset of the same days were analyzed with HIRS. GLAS reported cloud cover of 0.70 while HIRS reported slightly higher cloud cover of 0.75 for this period. The locations where HIRS overreported cloud cover were mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and parts of the Tropics. GLAS also confirms that upper-tropospheric clouds (above 6.6 km) cover about 0.33 of the earth, similar to the reports from HIRS data. Generally, the altitude of the cloud tops reported by GLAS is, on average, higher than HIRS by 0.4 to 4.5 km. The largest differences were found in the Tropics, over 4 km, while in midlatitudes average differences ranged from 0.4 to 2 km. Part of this difference in averaged cloud heights comes from GLAS finding more high cloud coverage in the Tropics, 5% on average but >13% in some areas, which weights its cloud top average more toward the high clouds than the HIRS. The diffuse character of the upper parts of high clouds over tropical oceans is also a cause for the difference in reported cloud heights. Statistics on cloud sizes also were computed from GLAS data to estimate the errors in cloud cover reported by HIRS from its 20-km field-of-view (FOV) size. Smaller clouds are very common with one-half of all clouds being <41 km in horizontal size. But, clouds <41 km cover only 5% of the earth. Cloud coverage is dominated by larger clouds with one-half of the coverage coming from clouds >1000 km. GLAS cloud size statistics also show that HIRS possibly overreports some cloud forms by 2%–3%. Looking at groups of GLAS data 21 km long to simulate the HIRS FOV, the authors found that ∼5% are partially filled with cloud. Since HIRS does not account for the part of the FOV without cloud, it will overreport the coverage of these clouds. However, low-altitude and optically thin clouds will not be reported by HIRS if they are so small that they do not affect the upwelling radiation in the HIRS FOV enough to trigger the threshold for cloud detection. These errors are partially offing.

scholarly journals Trends in Global Cloud Cover in Two Decades of HIRS Observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 3021-3031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wylie ◽  
Darren L. Jackson ◽  
W. Paul Menzel ◽  
John J. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Total Cloud Cover ◽  
Infrared Observation ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Polar Orbiting Satellite ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
High Clouds ◽  
Infrared Radiometer

Abstract The frequency of cloud detection and the frequency with which these clouds are found in the upper troposphere have been extracted from NOAA High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS) polar-orbiting satellite data from 1979 to 2001. The HIRS/2 sensor was flown on nine satellites from the Television Infrared Observation Satellite-Next Generation (TIROS-N) through NOAA-14, forming a 22-yr record. Carbon dioxide slicing was used to infer cloud amount and height. Trends in cloud cover and high-cloud frequency were found to be small in these data. High clouds show a small but statistically significant increase in the Tropics and the Northern Hemisphere. The HIRS analysis contrasts with the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), which shows a decrease in both total cloud cover and high clouds during most of this period.

scholarly journals Cloud Effects on the Meridional Atmospheric Energy Budget Estimated from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Data

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 4223-4241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Kato ◽  
Fred G. Rose ◽  
David A. Rutan ◽  
Thomas P. Charlock
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
Cloud Radiative Effect ◽  
Cloud Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The zonal mean atmospheric cloud radiative effect, defined as the difference between the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) and surface cloud radiative effects, is estimated from 3 yr of Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data. The zonal mean shortwave effect is small, though it tends to be positive (warming). This indicates that clouds increase shortwave absorption in the atmosphere, especially in midlatitudes. The zonal mean atmospheric cloud radiative effect is, however, dominated by the longwave effect. The zonal mean longwave effect is positive in the tropics and decreases with latitude to negative values (cooling) in polar regions. The meridional gradient of the cloud effect between midlatitude and polar regions exists even when uncertainties in the cloud effect on the surface enthalpy flux and in the modeled irradiances are taken into account. This indicates that clouds increase the rate of generation of the mean zonal available potential energy. Because the atmospheric cooling effect in polar regions is predominately caused by low-level clouds, which tend to be stationary, it is postulated here that the meridional and vertical gradients of the cloud effect increase the rate of meridional energy transport by the dynamics of the atmosphere from the midlatitudes to the polar region, especially in fall and winter. Clouds then warm the surface in the polar regions except in the Arctic in summer. Clouds, therefore, contribute toward increasing the rate of meridional energy transport from the midlatitudes to the polar regions through the atmosphere.

Errors in Cloud Detection over the Arctic Using a Satellite Imager and Implications for Observing Feedback Mechanisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1894-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Liu ◽  
Steven A. Ackerman ◽  
Brent C. Maddux ◽  
Jeffrey R. Key ◽  
Richard A. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Arctic sea ice extent has decreased dramatically over the last 30 years, and this trend is expected to continue through the twenty-first century. Changes in sea ice extent impact cloud cover, which in turn influences the surface energy budget. Understanding cloud feedback mechanisms requires an accurate determination of cloud cover over the polar regions, which must be obtained from satellite-based measurements. The accuracy of cloud detection using observations from space varies with surface type, complicating any assessment of climate trends as well as the understanding of ice–albedo and cloud–radiative feedback mechanisms. To explore the implications of this dependence on measurement capability, cloud amounts from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared with those from the CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder (CALIPSO) satellites in both daytime and nighttime during the time period from July 2006 to December 2008. MODIS is an imager that makes observations in the solar and infrared spectrum. The active sensors of CloudSat and CALIPSO, a radar and lidar, respectively, provide vertical cloud structures along a narrow curtain. Results clearly indicate that MODIS cloud mask products perform better over open water than over ice. Regional changes in cloud amount from CloudSat/CALIPSO and MODIS are categorized as a function of independent measurements of sea ice concentration (SIC) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). As SIC increases from 10% to 90%, the mean cloud amounts from MODIS and CloudSat–CALIPSO both decrease; water that is more open is associated with increased cloud amount. However, this dependency on SIC is much stronger for MODIS than for CloudSat–CALIPSO, and is likely due to a low bias in MODIS cloud amount. The implications of this on the surface radiative energy budget using historical satellite measurements are discussed. The quantified ice–water difference in MODIS cloud detection can be used to adjust estimated trends in cloud amount in the presence of changing sea ice cover from an independent dataset. It was found that cloud amount trends in the Arctic might be in error by up to 2.7% per decade. The impact of these errors on the surface net cloud radiative effect (“forcing”) of the Arctic can be significant, as high as 8.5%.

scholarly journals On retrieving sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altimeter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill Khvorostovsky ◽  
Pierre Rampal
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Laser Altimeter ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Along Track

Abstract. Sea ice freeboard derived from satellite altimetry is the basis for estimation of sea ice thickness using the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. High accuracy of altimeter measurements and freeboard retrieval procedure are therefore required. As of today, two approaches for estimation of the freeboard using laser altimeter measurements from Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), referred to as tie-points (TP) and lowest-level elevation (LLE) methods, have been developed and applied in different studies. We reproduced these methods in order to assess and analyze the sources of differences found in the retrieved freeboard and corresponding thickness estimates of the Arctic sea ice as produced by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). For the ICEsat observation periods (2003–2008) it is found that when applying the same along-track averaging scales in the two methods to calculate the local sea level references the LLE method gives significantly lower (by up to 15 cm) sea ice freeboard estimates over thick multi-year ice areas, but significantly larger estimates (by 3–5 cm in average and locally up to about 10 cm) over thin first-year ice areas, as compared to the TP method. However, we show that the difference over first-year ice areas can be reduced to less than 2 cm when using the improved TP method proposed in this paper. About 4 cm of the difference in the JPL and GSFC freeboard estimates can be attributed to the different along-track averaging scales used to calculate the local sea level references. We show that the effect of applying corrections for lead width relative to the ICESat footprint, and for snow depth accumulated in refrozen leads (as it is done for the last release of the JPL product), is very large and increase freeboard estimates by about 7 cm. Thus, the different along-track averaging scales and approaches to calculate sea surface references, from one side, and the freeboard adjustments as applied in the TP method used to produce the JPL dataset, from the other side, are roughly compensating each other with respect to freeboard estimation. Therefore the difference in the mean sea ice thickness found between the JPL and GSFC datasets should be attributed to different parameters used in the freeboard-to-thickness conversion.

scholarly journals I. On the influence of heated terrestrial surfaces in disturbing the atmosphere

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 227-229
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Tropics

In this paper the author stated that the Hadleian theory of winds, which is now the one generally recognized, is not supported by the evidence of facts, but rests on assumptions founded on imaginary effects of the partial expansion of the atmospheric gases by heat. It is assumed in that theory, that when the tropical heat expands these gases, they rise and flow away laterally in the higher regions towards the poles, from which they return to the tropics in the lower regions. But it was contended by the writer of the paper, that such heating of the gases merely expands them, without making them rise and overflow to other parts. The theory of Halley, once generally adopted, represented that the air was greatly heated in the particular part where the sun was nearly vertical, which made the air rise in that part alone, admitting cooler air to flow into the place of that which had ascended, and produced an influx of cool air below, from all parts around, to the heated part, and an overflow above from it. But in time experience showed that this hypothesis was not in accordance with facts, and it was abandoned. The theory of Hadley, which has been since adopted, substitutes the whole tropical belt, for the heated locality of Halley, which travelled with the sun in his daily course; but the supposed rise of air in the tropical belt, with an overflow above and an influx below, was asserted to be equally un­supported by experience, and, being unproved, may be fallacious. The rise of heated air in a chimney, sometimes pointed at as an illus­tration, was shown to be not analogous to that which takes place when the sun heats the air unequally in different latitudes; if it were, the theory of Halley would be true, and cool air would flow from all parts around to the greatly heated locality, just as cool air passes to a fire, and, when heated, up a chimney. It was then shown that it is gravitation which establishes an equilibrium of pressure in the atmosphere, and that direct solar heating of the surface of the earth and the air near to it, does not destroy that equilibrium. The sun by heating the gases merely expands them, in proportion to the increase of temperature in the part near the surface, and the gases over every portion of the hemisphere that is exposed to the action of the sun is proportionally heated, expanded and raised without any overflow of air taking place; leaving the equilibrium of pressure un­disturbed by such heating. The solar heat merely raises the air that is near the surface, over the most heated latitudes, a little higher than the adjoining less heated, the difference in the rise in the various latitudes, from the polar to the tropical regions, being successively small; and as there is no alteration produced in weight of any vertical column of the atmosphere, in any latitude, there is neither overflow of air above, nor disturbance of the equilibrium of pressure. The great disturbances that take place in the atmosphere were then maintained to be caused by the heat which is conveyed, from the surface of the globe, in vapour to different parts of the atmosphere at various heights, and liberated in those parts when the vapour is condensed into liquid. This liberation of heat creates ascending cur­rents in the parts locally affected, when horizontal winds, produced by gravitation, blow over the surface towards the ascending currents to re-establish the disturbed equilibrium. This process, by heating the air in the middle regions, was asserted to have been proved to be the cause, not only of the great trade-winds and the monsoons, but of the storms and local winds over the different regions of the globe.

scholarly journals A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 8247-8296
Author(s):  
C. J. Stubenrauch ◽  
S. Cros ◽  
A. Guignard ◽  
N. Lamquin
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ◽  
Backscatter Signal ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Cloud Thickness ◽  
High Clouds

Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height as well as to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over ocean and about 75% over land. Global cloud amount has been estimated as about 66% to 74%, depending on the weighting of not cloudy AIRS footprints by partial cloud cover (0 or 0.3). 40% of all clouds are high clouds, and about 44% of all clouds are single layer low-level clouds. The "radiative" cloud height determined by the AIRS-LMD retrieval corresponds well to the height of the maximum backscatter signal and of the "apparent middle" of the cloud. Whereas the real cloud thickness of high opaque clouds often fills the whole troposphere, their "apparent" cloud thickness (at which optical depth reaches about 5) is on average only 2.5 km. The real geometrical thickness of optically thin cirrus as identified by AIRS-LMD is identical to the "apparent" cloud thickness with an average of about 2.5 km in the tropics and midlatitudes. High clouds in the tropics have slightly more diffusive cloud tops than at higher latitudes. In general, the depth of the maximum backscatter signal increases nearly linearly with increasing "apparent" cloud thickness. For the same "apparent" cloud thickness optically thin cirrus show a maximum backscatter about 10% deeper inside the cloud than optically thicker clouds. We also show that only the geometrically thickest opaque clouds and (the probably surrounding anvil) cirrus penetrate the stratosphere in the tropics.

scholarly journals A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 7197-7214 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Stubenrauch ◽  
S. Cros ◽  
A. Guignard ◽  
N. Lamquin
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ◽  
Backscatter Signal ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Cloud Thickness ◽  
High Clouds

Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height. In addition, they permit to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over ocean and about 75% over land. Global cloud amount has been estimated from 66% to 74%, depending on the weighting of not cloudy AIRS footprints by partial cloud cover from 0 to 0.3. 42% of all clouds are high clouds, and about 42% of all clouds are single layer low-level clouds. The "radiative" cloud height determined by the AIRS-LMD retrieval corresponds well to the height of the maximum backscatter signal and of the "apparent middle" of the cloud. Whereas the real cloud thickness of high opaque clouds often fills the whole troposphere, their "apparent" cloud thickness (at which optical depth reaches about 5) is on average only 2.5 km. The real geometrical thickness of optically thin cirrus as identified by AIRS-LMD is identical to the "apparent" cloud thickness with an average of about 2.5 km in the tropics and midlatitudes. High clouds in the tropics have slightly more diffusive cloud tops than at higher latitudes. In general, the depth of the maximum backscatter signal increases nearly linearly with increasing "apparent" cloud thickness. For the same "apparent" cloud thickness optically thin cirrus show a maximum backscatter about 10% deeper inside the cloud than optically thicker clouds. We also show that only the geometrically thickest opaque clouds and (the probably surrounding anvil) cirrus penetrate the stratosphere in the tropics.

scholarly journals Rapid meridional transport of tropical airmasses to the Arctic during the major stratospheric warming in January 2003

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 7121-7138
Author(s):  
A. Kleinböhl ◽  
J. Kuttippurath ◽  
M. Sinnhuber ◽  
B. M. Sinnhuber ◽  
H. Küllmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Stratospheric Warming ◽  
Meridional Transport ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Middle Stratosphere

Abstract. We present observations of unusually high values of ozone and N2O in the middle stratosphere that were observed by the airborne submillimeter radiometer ASUR in the Arctic. The observations took place in the meteorological situation of a major stratospheric warming that occurred in mid-January 2003 and was dominated by a wave 2 event. On 23 January 2003 the observed N2O and O3 mixing ratios around 69° N in the middle stratosphere reached maximum values of ~190 ppb and ~10 ppm, respectively. The similarities of these N2O profiles in a potential temperature range between 800 and 1200 K with N2O observations around 20° N on 1 March 2003 by the same instrument suggest that the observed Arctic airmasses were transported from the tropics by isentropic transport. Using a linearized ozone chemistry model along idealized trajectories at different altitudes transport times between about 3 and 7 days are estimated from the difference between the Arctic and tropical O3mixing ratios observed in this potential temperature range. PV distributions suggest that these airmasses did not stay confined in the Arctic region which makes it unlikely that this dynamical situation lead to the formation of dynamically caused pockets of low ozone.

scholarly journals Eight Years of High Cloud Statistics Using HIRS

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Wylie ◽  
W. Paul Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Intertropical Convergence Zone ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Effective Emissivity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Subtropical Highs ◽  
High Clouds ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Abstract Over the last 8 yr frequency and location of cloud observations have been compiled using multispectral High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellites; this work is an extension of the 4-yr dataset reported by D. Wylie et al. The CO2 slicing algorithm applied to the HIRS data exhibits a higher sensitivity to semitransparent cirrus clouds than the cloud algorithm used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project; the threshold for cloud detection appears to require visible optical depths (τvis) greater than 0.1. The geographical distributions of clouds in the 8-yr dataset are nearly the same as those reported from 4 yr of data. The detection of upper-tropospheric clouds occurs most often in the intertropical convergence zone and midlatitude storm belts with lower concentrations in subtropical deserts and oceanic subtropical highs. The areas of concentrated cloud cover exhibit latitudinal movement with the seasons as in other cloud datasets. HIRS finds clear sky in 25%, opaque cloud in 32%, and semitransparent cloud in 43% of all its observations. The effective emissivity of the all semitransparent clouds (τvis < 6) ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 with an average value of about 0.5. Time trends are reexamined in detail. A possible cirrus increase in 1991 reported by Wylie and coauthors in 1994 is found to be diminished upon reinspection. The revised 8-yr record has indications of an increase in high clouds in the northern midlatitudes (0.5% yr−1) but little change elsewhere. The seasonal cycle of cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere becomes very noticeable in 1993.

scholarly journals Arctic Cloud Characteristics as Derived from MODIS, CALIPSO, and CloudSat

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3285-3306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aaron Chan ◽  
Josefino C. Comiso
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Cloud Detection ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), and CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) set of sensors, all in the Afternoon Constellation (A-Train), has been regarded as among the most powerful tools for characterizing the cloud cover. While providing good complementary information, the authors also observed that, at least for the Arctic region, the different sensors provide significantly different statistics about cloud cover characteristics. Data in 2007 and 2010 were analyzed, and the annual averages of cloud cover in the Arctic region were found to be 66.8%, 78.4%, and 63.3% as derived from MODIS, CALIOP, and CPR, respectively. A large disagreement between MODIS and CALIOP over sea ice and Greenland is observed, with a cloud percentage difference of 30.9% and 31.5%, respectively. In the entire Arctic, the average disagreement between MODIS and CALIOP increased from 13.1% during daytime to 26.7% during nighttime. Furthermore, the MODIS cloud mask accuracy has a high seasonal dependence, in that MODIS–CALIOP disagreement is the lowest during summertime at 10.7% and worst during winter at 28.0%. During nighttime the magnitude of the bias is higher because cloud detection is limited to the use of infrared bands. The clouds not detected by MODIS are typically low-level (top height <2 km) and high-level clouds (top height >6 km) and, especially, those that are geometrically thin (<2 km). Geometrically thin clouds (<2 km) accounted for about 95.5% of all clouds that CPR misses. As reported in a similar study, very low and thin clouds (<0.3 km) over sea ice that are detected by MODIS are sometimes not observed by CPR and misclassified by CALIOP.

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