Seasonal Variability and Dynamics of the Pacific North Equatorial Subsurface Current

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 2457-2474
Author(s):  
Ya Yang ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Dongliang Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The North ◽  
Zonal Velocity ◽  
Vertically Propagating ◽  
Subsurface Current ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe North Equatorial Subsurface Current (NESC) is a subthermocline ocean current uncovered recently in the tropical Pacific Ocean, flowing westward below the North Equatorial Countercurrent. In this study, the dynamics of the seasonal cycle of this current are studied using historical shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and Argo absolute geostrophic currents. Both data show a westward current at the depths of 200–1000 m between 4° and 6°N, with a typical core speed of about 5 and 2 cm s−1, respectively. The subsurface current originates in the eastern Pacific, with its core descending to deeper isopycnal surfaces and moving to the equator as it flows westward. The zonal velocity of the NESC shows pronounced seasonal variability, with the annual-cycle harmonics of vertical isothermal displacement and zonal velocity presenting characters of vertically propagating baroclinic Rossby waves. A simple analytical Rossby wave model is employed to simulate the propagation of the seasonal variations of the westward zonal currents successfully, which is the basis for exploring the wind forcing dynamics. The results suggest that the wind curl forcing in the central-eastern basin between 170° and 140°W associated with the meridional movement of the intertropical convergence zone dominates the NESC seasonal variability in the western Pacific, with the winds west of 170°W and east of 140°W playing a minor role in the forcing.

scholarly journals Diet among oil-workers on off-shore oil installations in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Oshaug ◽  
L. I. Østgård ◽  
K. U. Trygg
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Average Daily Intake ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Oil Workers ◽  
A Minor

Dietary studies based on 24 h recalls were carried out on four oil installations in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Two hundred and three persons were interviewed about what they had eaten the previous 24 h. Food purchased for the installations in the previous 5 months was recorded. Results based on 24 h recalls showed that average daily intake of energy was 12.2 MJ of which 17% came from protein, 44% from fat and 39% from carbohydrate, including 8% from sugar. Meat, vegetables, fresh fruits, seafood (shellfish), french fries, eggs, cream and ice-cream were important components of the diet, while bread, fish and cereals played a minor role. Average daily intake (mg) of nutrients were: calcium 1244, iron 15, vitamin A 1049 μg, vitamin D 4.1 μg, thiamin 1.6, riboflavin 2.2, nicotinic acid 22, ascorbic acid 143. Dietary fibre intake, estimated as unavailable carbohydrate, was on average 19 g, and the average daily intake of cholesterol was 755 mg. Intakes were compared with the Norwegian recommended dietary allowance. Most of the employees chose a diet which when eaten over a longer period of time may contribute to the development of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and thereby increase the morbidity and mortality from CHD in the oil industry.

scholarly journals Climatology of the cusp-related thermospheric mass density anomaly, as derived from CHAMP observations

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2807-2823 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rentz ◽  
H. Lühr
Keyword(s):  
Annual Variation ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Density Anomaly ◽  
Controlling Parameter ◽  
June Solstice ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. We report on the thermospheric mass density anomaly in the vicinity of the ionospheric cusp. A systematic survey of the anomalies is presented, based on a statistical analysis of 4 years of data (2002–2005) obtained by the accelerometer onboard CHAMP. The anomalies are detected during all years and seasons in both hemispheres but with stronger signatures in the Northern Hemisphere. For the same geophysical conditions, solar flux and geomagnetic activity the anomalies in the north are larger by a factor of about 1.35. Over the course of the survey period the amplitude decreases by more than a factor of 5 while the level of solar flux reduces by a factor of 2. The anomaly strength also depends on the solar wind input. The merging electric field, Emerg, is generally enhanced for about an hour before the anomaly detection. There is a quadratic response of the anomaly amplitude to Emerg. For geophysical conditions of P10.7<150 and Emerg<1 mV/m hardly any events are detected. Their amplitudes are found to be controlled by an additive effect of P10.7 and Emerg, where the weight of Emerg, in mV/m, is by about 50 times higher than that of the solar flux level. The solar zenith angle and the influence of particle precipitation are found to play a minor role as a controlling parameter of seasonal variation. The well-known annual variation of the thermospheric density with a minimum around June also influences the formation of the cusp anomalies. This leads to a clear hemispheric asymmetry with very weak anomalies in the south during June solstice, which is supposed to be a combined effect of the minimum in annual variation and the seasonal decrease of solar insolation in this region.

scholarly journals Hard cash, easy credit, fictitious capital: Critical reflections on money as a fetishised social relation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The North ◽  
Fictitious Capital ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
A Minor

This article explores some aspects of money as a social relation. Starting from Polanyi, it explores the nature of money as a non-commodity, real commodity, quasi-commodity, and fictitious commodity. The development of credit-debt relations is important in the last respect, especially in market economies where money in the form of coins and banknotes plays a minor role. This argument is developed through some key concepts from Marx concerning money as a fetishised and contradictory social relation, especially his crucial distinction, absent from Polanyi, between money as money and money as capital, each with its own form of fetishism. Attention then turns to Minsky’s work on Ponzi finance and what one might describe as cycles of the expansion of easy credit and the scramble for hard cash. This analysis is re-contextualised in terms of financialisation and finance-dominated accumulation, which promote securitisation and the autonomisation of credit money, interest-bearing capital. The article ends with brief reflections on the role of easy credit and hard cash in the surprising survival of neo-liberal economic and political regimes since the North Atlantic Financial Crisis became evident.

scholarly journals Potential Impacts of Anthropogenic Forcing on the Frequency of Tropical Depressions in the North Indian Ocean in 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Vittal Hari ◽  
Gabriele Villarini
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
North Indian Ocean ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Anthropogenic Forcing ◽  
Active Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Tropical Depressions ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Cyclonic Storms

Fourteen tropical depressions formed in the North Indian Ocean during 2018—the most active season since 1986 and the second most active season since 1980. Among the 14 tropical depressions during 2018, seven developed into cyclonic storms, with five intensifying into severe cyclonic storms—three of which became very severe cyclonic storms. The sea surface temperature anomaly associated with El Niño appears to have played a minor role in shaping this extreme event (i.e., the 14 tropical depressions in the North Indian Ocean). Using large ensemble experiments performed by the Community Earth System Model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, we detected an important role potentially played by anthropogenic forcing in increasing the risk of the 14 tropical depressions in the North Indian Ocean that were observed in the active 2018 season. Moreover, the projection experiments suggest a rising frequency of tropical depressions in the second half of the 21st century.

scholarly journals Destratification and Restratification of the Spring Surface Boundary Layer in a Subtropical Front

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kunze ◽  
John B. Mickett ◽  
James B. Girton
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Surface Boundary Layer ◽  
Subtropical Front ◽  
The North ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The North Pacific

AbstractDestratification and restratification of a ~50-m thick surface boundary layer in the North Pacific Subtropical Front are examined during 24-31 March 2017 in the wake of a storm using a ~ 5-km array of 23 chi-augmented EM profiling floats (u, v, T, S, χT), as well as towyo and ADCP ship surveys, shipboard air-sea surface fluxes and parameterized shortwave penetrative radiation. During the first four days, nocturnal destabilizing buoyancy-fluxes mixed the surface layer over almost its full depth every night followed by restratification to N ~ 2 × 10–3 rad s–1 during daylight. Starting on 28 March, nocturnal destabilizing buoyancy-fluxes weakened because weakening winds reduced the latent heat-flux. Shallow mixing and stratified transition layers formed above ~20-m depth. The remnant layer in the lower part of the surface layer was insulated from destabilizing surface forcing. Penetrative radiation, turbulent buoyancy-fluxes and horizontal buoyancy advection all contribute to restratification of this remnant layer, closing the budget to within measurement uncertainties. Buoyancy advective restratification (slumping) plays a minor role. Before 28 March, measured advective restratification ∫(uzbx + vzby)dt is confined to daytime, is often destratifying and is much stronger than predictions of geostrophic adjustment, mixed-layer eddy instability and Ekman buoyancy-flux predictions because of storm-forced inertial shear. Starting on 28 March, the subinertial envelope of measured buoyancy advective restratification in the remnant layer resembles MLE parameterization predictions.

Conclusions: a maritime biography

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Van de Noort
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Creation ◽  
A Minor

The purpose of writing this book was to explore aspects of human behaviour that have been, to varying extents, disregarded, overlooked, or ignored in terrestrial-dominated archaeology to date. Recognizing that the sea ‘is good to think’, it was envisaged that an exploration of North Sea archaeologies could launch something of a ‘maritime turn’. This final chapter considers the broad themes of the human past that have been enlightened through this study, and questions if and how these can be reproduced in land-based research. Five interrelated themes are presented here: the essence of nature–society interrelationships, the attribution of forms of agency to inanimate objects, deviant spaces, the essence of travelling long distances—including the skills and knowledge required for this—and finally, how the sea contributes to shaping social identities. The relationship that people had with their environment, or nature–society interrelationships, is fundamental to archaeological research on land and at sea. Explicitly or implicitly, terrestrial archaeology presents us with something of an irreversible progression towards ‘encultured’ landscapes—narratives wherein the land becomes increasingly less natural and more cultural (see chapter 2). In much of Europe, the ‘enculturation’ of the world started back in the Post-glacial. It continued throughout the Mesolithic, with the creation of paths through, and clearances within, otherwise natural landscapes. In the Neolithic, ‘enculturation’ took place through deforestation, and through the apportioning of symbolic significance to natural features and the construction of monuments relating to these. By the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, large tracts of land were being accommodated to the needs of humans through the creation of field systems and settlements, producing ‘cultural landscapes’. From the middle Bronze Age onwards, according to accepted land-based archaeological thinking, it would appear that nature played at best a minor role, limited to the impact of climate and weather on the crops being cultivated. The study of the North Sea has fundamentally challenged the nature–culture dichotomy. The concept of ‘enculturation’ places Homo sapiens centre stage in a changing world, but underestimates the role played by the sea and rivers, as well as animals, trees, and plants, as important co-constructors of landscape.

scholarly journals The origins and spread of stock-keeping: the role of cultural and environmental influences on early Neolithic animal exploitation in Europe

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (338) ◽  
pp. 1046-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Manning ◽  
Sean S. Downey ◽  
Sue Colledge ◽  
James Conolly ◽  
Barbara Stopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
The North ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
A Minor ◽  
North And South

It has long been recognised that the proportions of Neolithic domestic animal species—cattle, pig and sheep/goat—vary from region to region, but it has hitherto been unclear how much this variability is related to cultural practices or to environmental constraints. This study uses hundreds of faunal assemblages from across Neolithic Europe to reveal the distribution of animal use between north and south, east and west. The remarkable results present us with a geography of Neolithic animal society—from the rabbit-loving Mediterranean to the beef-eaters of the north and west. They also demonstrate that the choices made by early Neolithic herders were largely determined by their environments. Cultural links appear to have played only a minor role in the species composition of early Neolithic animal societies.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Produktivkraft als Versprechen

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (185) ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Siefkes
Keyword(s):  
Private Consumption ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
A Minor

The ‘Fragment on Machines’ from Marx’s Grundrisse is often cited as an argument that the internal forces of capitalism will lead to its doom. But the argument that the progressive reduction of labor must doom capitalism lacks a proper foundation, as a comparison with the ‘Schemes of Reproduction’ given in Capital II shows. The latter, however, aren’t fully convincing either. In reality, more depends on the private consumption of capitalists than either model recognizes. Ultimately, most can be made of the ‘Fragment on Machines’ by reading it not as an exposure of capitalism’s internal contractions, but as a discussion of a possible communist future where labor (or work) will play but a minor role.

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