scholarly journals Concentric Eyewall Asymmetries in Hurricane Gonzalo (2014) Observed by Airborne Radar

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Didlake ◽  
Gerald M. Heymsfield ◽  
Paul D. Reasor ◽  
Stephen R. Guimond
Keyword(s):  
Deep Layer ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Airborne Radar ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Concentric Eyewalls ◽  
Tangential Acceleration ◽  
Eyewall Replacement Cycles

Two eyewall replacement cycles were observed in Hurricane Gonzalo by the NOAA P3 Tail (TA) radar and the recently developed NASA High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) radar. These observations captured detailed precipitation and kinematic features of Gonzalo’s concentric eyewalls both before and after the outer eyewall’s winds became the vortex maximum winds. The data were analyzed relative to the deep-layer environmental wind shear vector. During the beginning eyewall replacement cycle stages, the inner and outer eyewalls exhibited different asymmetries. The inner eyewall asymmetry exhibited significant low-level inflow, updrafts, and positive tangential acceleration in the downshear quadrants, consistent with observational and theoretical studies. The outer eyewall asymmetry exhibited these features in the left-of-shear quadrants, further downwind from those of the inner eyewall. It is suggested that the low-level inflow occurring at the outer but not at the inner eyewall in the downwind regions signals a barrier effect that contributes to the eventual decay of the inner eyewall. Toward the later eyewall replacement stages, the outer eyewall asymmetry shifts upwind, becoming more aligned with the asymmetry of the earlier inner eyewall. This upwind shift is consistent with the structural evolution of eyewall replacement as the outer eyewall transitions into the primary eyewall of the storm.

Evaluation of Facial Thermographic Changes Before and After Low-Level Laser Irradiation

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Makihara ◽  
Masato Makihara ◽  
Shin-Ichi Masumi ◽  
Eiji Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Level Laser ◽  
Level Laser ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Low Level Laser Irradiation

Triggering of transient LES relaxations in ferrets: role of sympathetic pathways and effects of baclofen

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. G157-G162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Staunton ◽  
Scott D. Smid ◽  
John Dent ◽  
L. Ashley Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Gastric Distention ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Splanchnic Mechanoreceptors ◽  
High Level

Activation of gastric vagal mechanoreceptors by distention is thought to be the trigger for transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESR), which lead to gastroesophageal reflux. The contribution of higher-threshold gastric splanchnic mechanoreceptors is uninvestigated. GABABreceptor agonists, including baclofen, potently reduce triggering of TLESR by low-level gastric distention. We aimed to determine first whether this effect of baclofen is maintained at high-level distention and second the role of splanchnic pathways in triggering TLESR. Micromanometric/pH studies in conscious ferrets showed that intragastric glucose infusion (25 ml) increased triggering of TLESR and reflux. Both were significantly reduced by baclofen (7 μmol/kg ip) ( P < 0.05). When 40 ml of air was added to the glucose infusion, more TLESR occurred than with glucose alone ( P < 0.01). These were also reduced by baclofen ( P < 0.001). TLESR after glucose/air infusion were assessed before and after splanchnectomy (2–4, 9–11, and 23–25 days), which revealed no change. Baclofen inhibits TLESR after both low- and high-level gastric distention. Splanchnic pathways do not contribute to increased triggering of TLESR by high-level gastric distention.

scholarly journals Contribuições do cuidado de enfermagem na redução da dor em clientes com dermatoses imunobolhosas: avaliação pela lógica fuzzi

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euzeli Da Silva Brandão ◽  
Iraci Dos Santos ◽  
Regina Serrão Lanzillotti
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
High Level

Aim: to evaluate the intensity of the client’s pain with autoimmune bullous  dermatoses,  before  and  after the  protocol  of  nursing  care  is  applied to  a  client with autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Method: the data were treated using fuzzy logic. Results: when associating the implementation of the protocol with pain reduction in the 14 study subjects the following stand out: in T0, seven subjects presented high levels of pain, with a pertinence of 1.0; in T1, 24 hours after intervention, eight presented a low level of pain, with pertinences ranging from 1.0 and 0.75, and only one with high level of pain;  in  T2,  only  one  remained  with  a  high  level  of  pain.  Discussion:  the  use  of analgesics prior to application of the protocol demonstrates that change in pain intensity was  not  influenced  by  use  of  medication,  but  rather  by  the  implemented  care. Conclusion: based on the classifications of fuzzy logic, there was a significant reduction of pain levels, especially in the first 24 hours.

INFLUENCE OF ADDITION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS MICRO STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (25n27) ◽  
pp. 4010-4015 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOJUAN JI ◽  
QIULI WEI ◽  
CHUNGEN ZHOU ◽  
SHENGKAI GONG ◽  
HUIBIN XU
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Lattice Distortion ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Rare Earth Oxide ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Lattice Oscillation

Decreasing thermal diffusivity of YSZ can increase the thermal barrier effect. Thermal diffusivity is in direct proportion to lattice oscillation amplitude and frequency. The addition of rare earth oxide into YSZ may induce the lattice distortion, which will result in the change of lattice oscillation frequency. In the present work, combined with the experiment, a theoretical study was proposed to investigate the effect of the rare earth elements on the thermal barrier effect of YSZ using first-principal calculations implemented CASTEP program. It has been found that the addition of the rear earth element can make larger lattice distortion and favorable to reduce the thermal conductivity. The calculation results are in agreement with our experimental results.

THE URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTROGENS AND PREGNANEDIOL AT THE END OF PREGNANCY, DURING LABOUR AND DURING THE EARLY PUERPERIUM

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. T. BRADSHAW ◽  
W. J. E. JESSOP
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After

1. The excretion levels of oestrogen and pregnanediol have been followed in fourteen women during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, during labour and during the first few days of the puerperium. Particular attention was paid to the period immediately before and after the onset of labour. 2. The amounts excreted during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy were high in all cases, but considerable variations were observed from day to day. During labour the values were usually lower, but there were frequent variations here also. The excretion fell to a low level within a few days following delivery. 3. There was a general tendency for the output of oestriol and total oestrogen to fall during the last 2 days before the onset of labour, and this fall was shown statistically to be highly significant on the day before onset and less significant on the previous day. However, in almost every case similar changes had been observed at earlier stages of pregnancy. In one woman the output was actually rising slightly when labour began. 4. The excretion of pregnanediol during the last 2 days of pregnancy was extremely variable, and no relationship between it and the onset of labour could be demonstrated. 5. The results obtained by other workers are discussed.

The frequency of alternate muscle activity is associated with the attenuation in muscle fatigue

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki Kouzaki ◽  
Minoru Shinohara
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Sustained Contraction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After

Alternate muscle activity between synergist muscles has been demonstrated during low-level sustained contractions [≤5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force]. To determine the functional significance of the alternate muscle activity, the association between the frequency of alternate muscle activity during a low-level sustained knee extension and the reduction in knee extension MVC force was studied. Forty-one healthy subjects performed a sustained knee extension at 2.5% MVC force for 1 h. Before and after the sustained knee extension, MVC force was measured. The surface electromyogram was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. The frequency of alternate muscle activity for RF-VL, RF-VM, and VL-VM pairs was determined during the sustained contraction. The frequency of alternate muscle activity ranged from 4 to 11 times/h for RF-VL (7.0 ± 2.0 times/h) and RF-VM (7.0 ± 1.9 times/h) pairs, but it was only 0 to 2 times/h for the VL-VM pair (0.5 ± 0.7 times/h). MVC force after the sustained contraction decreased by 14% ( P < 0.01) from 573.6 ± 145.2 N to 483.3 ± 130.5 N. The amount of reduction in MVC force was negatively correlated with the frequency of alternate muscle activity for the RF-VL and RF-VM pairs ( P < 0.001 and r = 0.65 for both) but not for the VL-VM pair. The results demonstrate that subjects with more frequent alternate muscle activity experience less muscle fatigue. We conclude that the alternate muscle activity between synergist muscles attenuates muscle fatigue.

Observations of a Squall Line and Its Near Environment Using High-Frequency Rawinsonde Launches during VORTEX2

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (11) ◽  
pp. 4076-4097 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Bryan ◽  
Matthew D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Wind Shear ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Squall Line ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Stratiform Region ◽  
Gust Front

Abstract Rawinsonde data were collected before and during passage of a squall line in Oklahoma on 15 May 2009 during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). Nine soundings were released within 3 h, allowing for unprecedented analysis of the squall line’s internal structure and nearby environment. Four soundings were released in the prestorm environment and they document the following features: low-level cooling associated with the reduction of solar isolation by a cirrus anvil; abrupt warming (1.5 K in 30 min) above the boundary layer, which is probably attributable to a gravity wave; increases in both low-level and deep-layer vertical wind shear within 100 km of the squall line; and evidence of ascent extending at least 75 km ahead of the squall line. The next sounding was released ∼5 km ahead of the squall line’s gust front; it documented a moist absolutely unstable layer within a 2-km-deep layer of ascent, with vertical air velocity of approximately 6 m s−1. Another sounding was released after the gust front passed but before precipitation began; this sounding showed the cold pool to be ∼4 km deep, with a cold pool intensity C ≈ 35 m s−1, even though this sounding was located only 8 km behind the surface gust front. The final three soundings were released in the trailing stratiform region of the squall line, and they showed typical features such as: “onion”-shaped soundings, nearly uniform equivalent potential temperature over a deep layer, and an elevated rear inflow jet. The cold pool was 4.7 km deep in the trailing stratiform region, and extended ∼1 km above the melting level, suggesting that sublimation was a contributor to cold pool development. A mesoscale analysis of the sounding data shows an upshear tilt to the squall line, which is consistent with the cold pool intensity C being much larger than a measure of environmental vertical wind shear ΔU. This dataset should be useful for evaluating cloud-scale numerical model simulations and analytic theory, but the authors argue that additional observations of this type should be collected in future field projects.

Relaxation, Stress, and Palmar Skin Potential Level in Smokers and Non-Smokers

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1187-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verner J. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Skin Potential ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Relaxation Stress ◽  
High Level ◽  
Palmar Skin ◽  
Potential Level

Palmar skin potential level was examined as an index of speed of relaxation in 8 non-smokers, 8 smokers low in arousal, and 8 high in arousal during resting periods before and after an interpolated stressor. The former were smokers who experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations characterized by, e.g., monotony and low-level stimulation, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations characterized by, e.g., anxiety and high-level stimulation. The rate and the amount of reduction in negativity of pre-stressor palmar skin potential level was significantly greater in non-smokers. No significant differences were observed between the groups of smokers. Stress significantly retarded relaxation in nonsmokers to a level comparable to the two groups of smokers.

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