Simultaneous Dual-Doppler and Mobile Mesonet Observations of Streamwise Vorticity Currents in Three Supercells

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 4859-4874
Author(s):  
Shawn S. Murdzek ◽  
Paul M. Markowski ◽  
Yvette P. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streamwise Vorticity ◽  
Vorticity Generation ◽  
Southern Fringe

AbstractRecent high-resolution numerical simulations of supercells have identified a feature referred to as the streamwise vorticity current (SVC). Some have presumed the SVC to play a role in tornadogenesis and maintenance, though observations of such a feature have been limited. To this end, 125-m dual-Doppler wind syntheses and mobile mesonet observations are used to examine three observed supercells for evidence of an SVC. Two of the three supercells are found to contain a feature similar to an SVC, while the other supercell contains an antistreamwise vorticity ribbon on the southern fringe of the forward flank. A closer examination of the two supercells with SVCs reveals that the SVCs are located on the cool side of boundaries within the forward flank that separate colder, more turbulent flow from warmer, more laminar flow, similar to numerical simulations. Furthermore, the observed SVCs are similar to those in simulations in that they appear to be associated with baroclinic vorticity generation and have similar appearances in vertical cross sections. Aside from some apparent differences in the location of the maximum streamwise vorticity between simulated and observed SVCs, the SVCs seen in numerical simulations are indeed similar to reality. The SVC, however, may not be essential for tornadogenesis, at least for weak tornadoes, because the supercell that did not have a well-defined SVC produced at least one brief, weak tornado during the analysis period.

scholarly journals Unravelling turbulence near walls

2009 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN MARUSIC
Keyword(s):  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulations ◽  
Aircraft Wing ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Drag And Lift

Turbulent flows near walls have been the focus of intense study since their first description by Ludwig Prandtl over 100 years ago. They are critical in determining the drag and lift of an aircraft wing for example. Key challenges are to understand the physical mechanisms causing the transition from smooth, laminar flow to turbulent flow and how the turbulence is then maintained. Recent direct numerical simulations have contributed significantly towards this understanding.

scholarly journals Partitioning Waves and Eddies in Stably Stratified Turbulence

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Lam ◽  
Alexandre Delache ◽  
Fabien S Godeferd
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Relation ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulations ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Kinetic Energy Density ◽  
Stratified Turbulence ◽  
The Waves

We consider the separation of motion related to internal gravity waves and eddy dynamics in stably stratified flows obtained by direct numerical simulations. The waves’ dispersion relation links their angle of propagation to the vertical θ , to their frequency ω , so that two methods are used for characterizing wave-related motion: (a) the concentration of kinetic energy density in the ( θ , ω ) map along the dispersion relation curve; and (b) a direct computation of two-point two-time velocity correlations via a four-dimensional Fourier transform, permitting to extract wave-related space-time coherence. The second method is more computationally demanding than the first. In canonical flows with linear kinematics produced by space-localized harmonic forcing, we observe the pattern of the waves in physical space and the corresponding concentration curve of energy in the ( θ , ω ) plane. We show from a simple laminar flow that the curve characterizing the presence of waves is distorted differently in the presence of a background convective mean velocity, either uniform or varying in space, and also when the forcing source is moving. By generalizing the observation from laminar flow to turbulent flow, this permits categorizing the energy concentration pattern of the waves in complex flows, thus enabling the identification of wave-related motion in a general turbulent flow with stable stratification. The advanced method (b) is finally used to compute the wave-eddy partition in the velocity–buoyancy fields of direct numerical simulations of stably stratified turbulence. In particular, we use this splitting in statistics as varied as horizontal and vertical kinetic energy, as well as two-point velocity and buoyancy spectra.

Entropy Generation Minimization of Fully Developed Internal Convective Flows With Constant Heat Flux

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric B. Ratts ◽  
Atul G. Raut
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Constant Heat Flux ◽  
Constant Heat ◽  
Entropy Generation Minimization

This paper addresses the thermodynamic optimum of single-phase convective heat transfer in fully developed flow for uniform and constant heat flux. The optimal Reynolds number is obtained using the entropy generation minimization (EGM) method. Entropy generation due to viscous dissipation and heat transfer dissipation in the flow passage are summed, and then minimized with respect to Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter. For fixed mass flow rate and fixed total heat transfer rate, and the assumption of uniform heat flux, an optimal Reynolds number for laminar as well as turbulent flow is obtained. In addition, the method quantifies the flow irreversibilities. It was shown that the ratio of heat transfer dissipation to viscous dissipation at minimum entropy generation was 5:1 for laminar flow and 29:9 for turbulent flow. For laminar flow, the study compared non-circular cross-sections to the circular cross-section. The optimal Reynolds number was determined for the following cross-sections: square, equilateral triangle, and rectangle with aspect ratios of two and eight. It was shown that the rectangle with the higher aspect ratio had the smallest optimal Reynolds number, the smallest entropy generation number, and the smallest flow length.

scholarly journals A study by a double-refraction method of the development of turbulence in a long circular tube

1947 ◽  
Vol 192 (1028) ◽  
pp. 32-44 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Weak Solution ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Circular Tube ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Refraction Method

A streaming double-refraction method was employed to examine the flow in a long glass tube of a very weak solution of benzopurpurin in water. Two kinds of turbulent entry were used: with one, laminar flow at a Reynolds number of about 1900 was observed at cross-sections more than 120 diameters from the entry; with the other the corresponding distance was 90 diameters. The nature of the breakdown of laminar flow at a cross-section was found to depend upon the kind of entry and upon the distance of the cross-section from the inlet. The development of complete turbulence at various cross-sections was also investigated.

Quantitative Assessment of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eph Sparrow ◽  
John Gorman ◽  
John Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

This investigation was performed in order to quantify the validity of the assumed constancy of the overall heat transfer coefficient U in heat exchanger design. The prototypical two-fluid heat exchanger, the double-pipe configuration, was selected for study. Heat transfer rates based on the U = constant model were compared with those from highly accurate numerical simulations for 60 different operating conditions. These conditions included: (a) parallel and counter flow, (b) turbulent flow in both the pipe and the annulus, (c) turbulent flow in the pipe and laminar flow in the annulus and the vice versa situation, (d) laminar flow in both the pipe and the annulus, and (e) different heat exchanger lengths. For increased generality, these categories were further broken down into matched and unmatched Reynolds numbers in the individual flow passages. The numerical simulations eschewed the unrealistic uniform-inlet-velocity-profile model by focusing on pressure-driven flows. The largest errors attributable to the U = constant model were encountered for laminar flow in both the pipe and the annulus and for laminar flow in one of these passages and turbulent flow in the other passage. This finding is relevant to microchannel flows and other low-speed flow scenarios. Errors as large as 50% occurred. The least impacted were cases in which the flow is turbulent in both the pipe and the annulus. The general level of the errors due to the U = constant model were on the order of 10% and less for those cases. This outcome is of great practical importance because heat-exchanger flows are more commonly turbulent than laminar. Another significant outcome of this investigation is the quantification of the axial variations of the temperature and heat flux along the wall separating the pipe and annulus flows. It is noteworthy that these distributions do not fit either the uniform wall temperature or uniform heat flux models.

Edge dislocations in fibrous grunerite

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (335) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
E. J. W. Whittaker ◽  
B. A. Cressey ◽  
J. L. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Edge Dislocations

AbstractSections perpendicular to [001] of ion-thinned specimens of fibrous grunerite (amosite) have been examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In this orientation, two kinds of dislocation have been observed with about equal frequency. One lies on [001] and has a Burgers vector a. The other is on [001] and has a Burgers vector ½a+½b Interpretation of features associated with these dislocations has been assisted by the use of two-dimensional models of I-beam cross-sections which can be interlocked to simulate the possible modes of stacking.

Vorticity from Line-of-Sight Lidar Velocity Scans

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2683-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weissmann ◽  
Andreas Dörnbrack ◽  
James D. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Rotor Experiment ◽  
Vorticity Component ◽  
Wind Lidar ◽  
Spanwise Vorticity ◽  
Lidar Observations

Abstract A method is presented to compute the spanwise vorticity in polar coordinates from 2D vertical cross sections of high-resolution line-of-sight Doppler wind lidar observations. The method uses the continuity equation to derive the velocity component perpendicular to the observed line-of-sight velocity, which then yields the spanwise vorticity component. The results of the method are tested using a ground-based Doppler lidar, which was deployed during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX). The resulting fields can be used to identify and quantify the strength and size of vortices, such as those associated with atmospheric rotors. Furthermore, they may serve to investigate the dynamics and evolution of vortices and to evaluate numerical simulations. A demonstration of the method and comparison with high-resolution numerical simulations reveals that the derived vorticity can explain 66% of the mean-square vorticity fluctuations, has a reasonably skillful magnitude, exhibits no significant bias, and is in qualitative agreement with model-derived vorticity.

An Analysis of Dissociation of Molecules in a High Resolution Electron Microscope

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Mihir Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Molecular Film ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Dissociation Cross Section ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
The Stability

It is well known that the resolution of bio-molecules in a high resolution electron microscope depends not just on the physical resolving power of the instrument, but also on the stability of these molecules under the electron beam. Experimentally, the damage to the bio-molecules is commo ly monitored by the decrease in the intensity of the diffraction pattern, or more quantitatively by the decrease in the peaks of an energy loss spectrum. In the latter case the exposure, EC, to decrease the peak intensity from IO to I’O can be related to the molecular dissociation cross-section, σD, by EC = ℓn(IO /I’O) /ℓD. Qu ntitative data on damage cross-sections are just being reported, However, the microscopist needs to know the explicit dependence of damage on: (1) the molecular properties, (2) the density and characteristics of the molecular film and that of the support film, if any, (3) the temperature of the molecular film and (4) certain characteristics of the electron microscope used

Electron Irradiation Effects in Polyoxymethylene Crystals Grown Inside Trioxane Crystals

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
J. P. Colson ◽  
D. H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Threefold Axis ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Polymer Crystals ◽  
Chain Axis

Polyoxymethylene (POM) crystals grow inside trioxane crystals which have been irradiated and heated to a temperature slightly below their melting point. Figure 1 shows a low magnification electron micrograph of a group of such POM crystals. Detailed examination at higher magnification showed that three distinct types of POM crystals grew in a typical sample. The three types of POM crystals were distinguished by the direction that the polymer chain axis in each crystal made with respect to the threefold axis of the trioxane crystal. These polyoxymethylene crystals were described previously.At low magnifications the three types of polymer crystals appeared as slender rods. One type had a hexagonal cross section and the other two types had rectangular cross sections, that is, they were ribbonlike.

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