scholarly journals Patience, Cognitive Abilities, and Cognitive Effort: Survey and Experimental Evidence From a Developing Country

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422199674
Author(s):  
Stefania Bortolotti ◽  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Hartmut Lehmann ◽  
Frauke Meyer ◽  
Norberto Pignatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ability Measure ◽  
The Relationship

This study sheds light on the relationship between cognition and patience by documenting that the correlation between cognitive abilities and delay discounting is weaker for the same group of individuals if choices are incentivized. This study conjectures that higher cognitive effort, which induces higher involvement of the cognitive system, moderates the relationship between patience and cognition. For 107 participants drawn from the adult population in Tbilisi, this study examines the relationship between various measures of cognitive ability and that of patience. Specifically, we consider the relationship between the Cognitive Reflection Test, a numeracy test, self-reported math ability measure, enumerators’ assessments, and incentivized and hypothetical trade-offs between smaller-sooner and larger-later payments.

scholarly journals The cognitive ability and working memory framework: Interpreting cognitive reflection test results in the domain of the cognitive experiential theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşegül Engin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe cognitive reflection test (hereafter, CRT) is a widely used tool in studies that deal with human decision-making and problem-solving. However, the interpretation of the results of the test remains an open discussion in extant literature. Despite the high predictive power, the characteristics of a decision-maker measured by the CRT remain unclear. This article suggests a novel and inclusive framework that relates the CRT to the cognitive experiential theory (hereafter, CET), which is a well-established dual-process theory. The framework explains the observed phenomena (e.g., individual decision-maker differences) using data from five laboratory experiments. The framework is inclusive because it provides possible explanations for the results in the published literature. The overall results support the argument that the CRT measures the efficiency of the resources of an individual’s working memory. In contrast, the rationality experientiality inventory (hereafter, REI) (a measurement tool of the cognitive experiential theory) captures an individual’s cognitive ability. The efficient use of the working memory leads to the full potential of decision-makers’ cognitive abilities in analytical tasks, thereby indicating that cognitive ability and working memory form a viable framework for studies in the disciplines behavioral operational research (hereafter, OR) and decision sciences.

scholarly journals Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Time Preference ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
First Response

This paper introduces a three-item “Cognitive Reflection Test” (CRT) as a simple measure of one type of cognitive ability—the ability or disposition to reflect on a question and resist reporting the first response that comes to mind. The author will show that CRT scores are predictive of the types of choices that feature prominently in tests of decision-making theories, like expected utility theory and prospect theory. Indeed, the relation is sometimes so strong that the preferences themselves effectively function as expressions of cognitive ability—an empirical fact begging for a theoretical explanation. The author examines the relation between CRT scores and two important decision-making characteristics: time preference and risk preference. The CRT scores are then compared with other measures of cognitive ability or cognitive “style.” The CRT scores exhibit considerable difference between men and women and the article explores how this relates to sex differences in time and risk preferences. The final section addresses the interpretation of correlations between cognitive abilities and decision-making characteristics.

Gender Differences and Other Findings on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Laura-Augustina Avram
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
State University ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Reflective Reasoning

Abstract Intelligence is the traditional element of interest when measuring the human cognitive abilities. However, intelligence is complex and researchers are constantly finding new angles of looking at it. One such angle is reflective reasoning. Sometimes individuals choose to override the intuitive answer and by engaging in further reflection they reach the correct answer. The cognitive reflection test (CRT) measures a person’s ability to suppress their incorrect intuitive answer in favor of reflection that should then lead to the correct response. The test contains three short mathematically based problems, which measure, among others, cognitive ability, mathematical abilities and cognitive reflection. Using a sample of 195 students from a state university, one of the largest universities in Romania, we explore the extent to which a variety of phenomena and trends identified by previous findings on CRT show similar results on our sample.

EXPRESS: Fooling System 1 in the field of perception: Failure to Intuitively Detect Attribute Substitution in the Flushtration Count Illusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110693
Author(s):  
Cyril Thomas ◽  
Marion Botella ◽  
André Didierjean
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Substitution Error ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Ball Problem ◽  
Perceptual Attribute ◽  
System 1 ◽  
The Relationship

To facilitate our interactions with the surroundings, the human brain sometimes reshapes the situations that it faces in order to simplify them. This phenomenon has been widely studied in the context of reasoning, especially through the attribute substitution error. It has however been given much less attention in the field of perception. Recent research on the bat-and-ball problem suggests that reasoners are able to intuitively detect attribute substitution errors. Using a perceptual illusion drawn from the field of magic, we investigate the extent to which a perceptual form of attribute substitution depends on executive resources and can be detected. We also investigate the relationship between susceptibility to attribute substitution error in the flushtration count illusion and in a French adaptation of the bat-and ball problem. Finally, we investigate the link between the intuitive cognitive style (assessed by the Cognitive Reflection Test) and the susceptibility to the flushtration count illusion. Our results suggest that participants do not detect perceptual attribute substitution error, that this phenomenon could be independent of the executive resources allocated to the task, and could rest on mechanisms distinct from those that produce errors in reasoning. We discuss differences between these two phenomena, and factors that may explain them.

A-47 The Interplay between Achievement Scores in Math Ability, Visual Working Memory, and Perceptual Reasoning across Race in an Adult Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1088-1088
Author(s):  
D'Shawn L Harrigan ◽  
Kayla Kotalik ◽  
Brittny Arias ◽  
Charles J Golden
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning ◽  
Z Transformation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to measure the associations between overall math ability, visual working memory, and perceptual reasoning. Method Data stemmed from an ongoing de-identified database aof clinical adults. Participants were administered the WAIS-IV, KM-3, and WMS-IV. The sample consisted of Caucasians (N = 671, M_edu = 14,45.7% males & 52.5% females), African Americans (N = 154, M_edu = 13, 43.5% males & 56.5% females), and Hispanic (N = 194, M_edu = 13,44.8% males & 53.6% females). Participant’s age ranged from 16 to 81, with a mean of 31.06. Results The analysis corrected for age, education, and gender. The relationship between PR and KM-3 was 0.505 for Caucasians, 0.782 for African Americans, and 0.769 for Hispanics, all p < 0.05. A Fisher Z transformation indicated significance on PR and KM-3 between Caucasians and Hispanics, p < 0.001. The relationship between KM-3 and VWM was 0.408 for Caucasians, 0.828 for African Americans, and 0.591 for Hispanics, all p < 0.05. A Fisher Z transformation indicated significance on KM-3 and VWM between Caucasians and African Americans, p = 0.020. The relationship between KM-3 and VP was 0.349 for Caucasians, 0.584 for African Americans, and.733 for Hispanics, all p < 0.05. A Fisher Z transformation indicated significance on KM-3 and VP between Caucasians and Hispanics, p = 0.04. Discussion Closer analysis of performance between race reveals statistically stronger associations between mathematical ability and perceptual/memory tasks that are visuoconstructional in nature for African Americans and Hispanics when compared to Caucasians. The findings of this study may allude to different approach’s African Americans and Hispanics may use (e.g., mental rotation) when solving mathematical computations.

scholarly journals The Intuition of Punishment: A Study of Fairness Preferences and Cognitive Ability

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Seier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Social Dilemma ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Other Regarding

Can differences in cognitive reflection explain other-regarding behavior? To test this, I use the three-item Cognitive Reflection Task to classify individuals as intuitive or reflective and correlate this measure with choices in three games that each subject participates in. The main sample consists of 236 individuals who completed the dictator game, ultimatum game and a third-party punishment task. Subjects afterwards completed the three-item Cognitive Reflection Test. Results showed that intuitive individuals acted more prosocially in all social dilemma tasks. These individuals were more likely to serve as a norm enforcer and third-party punish a selfish act in the dictator game. Reflective individuals were found more likely to act consistently in a self-interested manner across the three games.

scholarly journals Potential trade-off between vocal ornamentation and spatial ability in a songbird

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra B. Sewall ◽  
Jill A. Soha ◽  
Susan Peters ◽  
Stephen Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Repertoire Size ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Song Control ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Bird song is hypothesized to be a reliable indicator of cognition because it depends on brain structure and function. Song features have been found to correlate positively with measures of cognition, but the relationship between song and cognition is complicated because not all cognitive abilities are themselves positively correlated. If cognition is not a unitary trait, developmental constraints on brain growth could generate trade-offs between some aspects of cognition and song. To further clarify the relationship between song and cognition in song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ), we examined repertoire size and performance on a spatial task. We found an inverse relationship between repertoire size and speed of spatial learning and suggest that a developmental trade-off between the hippocampus and song control nuclei could be responsible for this relationship. By attending to male song, females may learn about a suite of cognitive abilities; this study suggests that females may glean information about a male's cognitive weaknesses as well as his strengths.

scholarly journals Numerosity Comparison, Estimation and Proportion Estimation Abilities May Predict Numeracy and Cognitive Reflection in Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Midori Tokita ◽  
Sumire Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Number System ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Proportion Estimation ◽  
Numerosity Estimation ◽  
Numerosity Perception

This study explores whether and how different tasks associated with approximate number system (ANS) ability are related to numeracy and cognitive reflection in adults. We conducted an online experiment using a sample of 300 Japanese adults aged 20–39. Participants were given three ANS tasks (numerosity comparison, numerosity estimation, and proportion estimation) as well as Rasch-based numeracy scale and cognitive reflection test, and we tested the correlation among the measures of these tasks. We explored the hypothesis that the typical measures used to gauge ANS ability, numerosity comparison and numerosity estimation may mediate different cognitive mechanisms in adults. We also introduced a task measuring proportion estimation, added because such estimation requires numerosity perception and the ability to map symbolic numerals. Our findings suggest that there is a weak, but significant correlation among the three ANS-related tasks. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between each of these measures and the numeracy and CRT score, suggesting that the ANS-related ability may be associated with higher cognitive abilities such as numeracy and cognitive reflection. In addition, we found that performances on the numerosity and proportion estimation are more clearly related to CRT score than the numerosity comparison task.

scholarly journals On the relationship between cognitive ability and field of study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mostafa H Deldoost ◽  
Parviz Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Akram Akbari ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Saeedi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Academic Majors ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Program Selection ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was conducted to investigate the existence of any possible relationship between the cognitive reflection test (CRT), numeracy and academic majors. The statistical population of this study consisted of 117 freshmen studying under the faculties selected from the University of Tabriz. The generalised structural equation modelling technique was employed for data analysis. The research results indicated that CRT and numeracy had positive and significant effects on high school and university program selection. According to the research model and the higher CRT scores of engineering and medicine (two popular majors) than that of other majors, it appears that individuals with higher CRT and numeracy scores are more inclined to get accepted into these programs. Moreover, the relationship between CRT and numeracy was positive and significant, where CRT acted as the cause and numeracy as the effect. However, the reverse need not necessarily be true. Keywords: Cognitive reflection, numeracy skill, academic majors, relationship.

scholarly journals Edgcumbe. 2019 - The relationship between cognitive reflection and morality judgments are mediated by thinking dispositions.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Edgcumbe
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Thinking Dispositions ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Experiential Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract:Performance on Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is thought to predict moral judgments concerning the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). This relationship is hypothesised to be mediated by the tendency toward thinking dispositions such as actively open-minded thinking (AOT), rational (REI-R) and experiential thinking (REI-E), and religiosity. The relationship between cognitive reflection, intuitive thinking and moral judgments with thinking dispositions are examined. As the MFQ measures five types of moral judgments which include ‘individualising values’ – harm and fairness, and ‘binding values’ - loyalty, authority and purity it was hypothesised that performance on these moral foundations would be influenced by thinking dispositions and cognitive reflection. Results indicate that the relationship between cognitive reflection and moral judgments were mediated differently by thinking dispositions. Religious participants and intuitive thinkers alike scored highly on binding moral values. Analytic thinkers and non-religious participants scored highly on individualising moral values. The data is consistent with religiosity and intuition being inherently linked and suggests that moral values are influenced by individual differences in thinking dispositions and cognitive style.

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