Immunofluorescent Study on Middle Ear Mucosa

To clarify the developmental course of the immunological defense system in the middle ear, immunoglobulin-forming cells of different classes and secretory proteins, such as secretory component (SC) and lactoferrin (Lf), were investigated in the middle ear mucosa of 20 developing and 5 normal adult guinea pigs by use of direct immunofluorescence technique. Changes in the middle ear mucosa were also observed after antigenic challenges directly to the tympanic cavity of 6 developing and 39 adult guinea pigs. IgA- and IgM-forming cells began to appear in the tubal mucosa at the seventh postnatal day, while it was scarcely possible to find IgG1- and IgG2-forming cells in developing guinea pigs. Immunoglobulin-forming cells of all classes increased in the middle ear mucosa after the antigenic stimuli. The injection of antigens to the tympanic cavity of developing animals induced the most striking accumulation of immunoglobulin-forming cells in the middle ear mucosa. Results of this study showed that local synthesis of IgA, as well as other classes, is latent in the middle ear, that the middle ear of immature animals is vulnerable to antigenic stimuli, and that the middle ear of developing animals possesses potential immune responsiveness.

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Histopathological Effects of Boric Acid Solution on Middle Ear Mucosa in Guinea Pigs

Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation ◽

10.14744/ejmi.2021.49333 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmet Yukkaldiran

Keyword(s):

Acid Solution ◽

Boric Acid ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Boric Acid Solution ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa ◽

Histopathological Effects

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The anti-inflammatory effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on histamine-induced otitis media with effusion in guinea pigs

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215118000610 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 132 (7) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B Ersoy ◽

B Aktan ◽

K Kilic ◽

M S Sakat ◽

S Sipal

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Study Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

The Right ◽

Better Than

AbstractBackgroundOtitis media with effusion is a clinical manifestation characterised by inflammation of middle-ear mucosa. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin on a histamine-induced animal model of otitis media with effusion.MethodsThe animals were divided into five groups, receiving erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin or saline solution. The guinea pigs in the study groups received erythromycin (40 mg/kg/day), clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/day), azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) or roxithromycin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 days by gastric tube. Four hours after the end of the administration, histamine solution was injected into the right middle ear.ResultsThe lowest neutrophil density value obtained using stereological techniques was in the azithromycin group (0.86 ± 0.25 × 10−5/μm3), while the highest value was observed in the control group (6.68 ± 3.12 × 10−5/μm3). The anti-inflammatory properties of clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin were similar to one another, but better than that of erythromycin.ConclusionThe use of macrolide antibiotics is recommended, as they show antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy in otitis media with effusion.

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Expression of tumor necrosis factor Alpha, interleukin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and pathomorphological changes in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma

Биомедицинска истраживања ◽

10.5937/bii2101029v ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 29-38

Author(s):

Dalibor Vranješ ◽

Predrag Špirić ◽

Mirjana Gnjatić

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Tympanic Cavity ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Middle Ear Cholesteatoma ◽

Acquired Cholesteatoma ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Metalloproteinase 9 ◽

Mucosal Hypertrophy

Introduction. The inflammatory mediators play a central role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process of the middle ear and cholesteatoma from the aspect of initiating and maintaining the inflammatory response to infection and lesion. The aim of the study was to examine if the presence of acquired cholesteatoma could predict pathomorphological changes of the tympanic cavity mucosa in relation to the control tissue of the inflamed middle ear mucosa and to examine and compare the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) with pathomorphological changes in the middle ear mucosa in chronic otitis media (COM), with and without acquired cholesteatoma (AC). Methods. The immunohistochemical study included 178 patients of both sexes, aged 5 to 75, who underwent microsurgical treatment of COM from 2015 to 2018. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of AC of the middle ear: 97 with cholesteatoma (CCOM) and 81 without cholesteatoma (COM). Samples of the perimatrix of AC and inflamed middle ear mucosa were taken intraoperatively. The condition of the tympanic cavity mucosa was examined by otomicroscopy exploration intraoperatively. The expression levels of TNF-a, IL-1 and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Results. The difference in the percentage distribution of patients according to the condition of the tympanic cavity mucosa between both groups was statistically significant (p <0.01) where in the COM group the highest frequency was 43.2% of patients with mucosal hypertrophy, and in the CCOM 56.7% with granulations. With highly positive expression of TNF-R2 and IL-1, a higher probability of the presence of mucosal hypertrophy and granulations can be expected, and with highly positive expression of MMP-9 the presence of granulations. Conclusion. Acquired middle ear cholesteatoma is a statistically significant predictor of the occurence of mucosal hypertrophy and granulations in the tympanic cavity in relation to the control tissue of the inflamed middle ear mucosa. The high expression of TNF-R2, IL-1 and MMP-9 shows a statistically significant association with the presence of granulations and mucosal hypertrophy in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma which may have clinical significance in the evaluation and prognosis of the disease.

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Relation between Nasal and Middle Ear Allergy Experimental Study

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894800890s337 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 147-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Toshio Yamashita ◽

Nobuhiro Okazaki ◽

Tadami Kumazawa

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Eustachian Tube ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

The Other ◽

Nasal Allergy ◽

Tympanic Cavity ◽

Direct Relation

This study was undertaken to clarify the relation between nasal allergy and otitis media with effusion and to observe histologically the allergic changes in the eustachian tube itself in animals. Allergic changes in the eustachian tube and tympanic cavity were clearly observed histologically when the antigen had been introduced into the tympanic cavity of sensitized guinea pigs. On the other hand, administration of the antigen into the nose produced marked allergic changes in the nose and pharynx but no change in the eustachian tube or tympanic cavity. In view of these findings, it is suggested that allergy of the nose bears little direct relation to that of the middle ear and the eustachian tube.

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Oxygen Supply of Middle Ear Mucosa under Normal Conditions and after Eustachian Tube Occlusion

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894800890s321 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 76-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C. Morgenstern

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Negative Pressure ◽

Oxygen Supply ◽

Diffusion Flux ◽

Tympanic Cavity ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Air Space ◽

Negative Pressures ◽

Local Oxygen

The mucosa of the middle ear is not only supplied with oxygen from the blood but also from the air space of the middle ear. Under physiological conditions, the perilymph is supplied partially with oxygen from the tympanic cavity. When the Po2 in the middle ear falls below 57 mm Hg, a net diffusion flux of oxygen from the perilymph to the middle ear induces a loss of oxygen from the inner ear. A negative pressure of 25 mm Hg generated in the middle ear, causes a transudate. Subsequently, slight disturbances of microcirculation should occur in the mucosal membrane. More pronounced negative pressures lead to very distinct disturbances of microcirculation and local oxygen supply.

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Functional Morphology of the Lining Membrane of the Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/0003489474083s1102 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 83 (11_suppl) ◽

pp. 5-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

David J. Lim

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Eustachian Tube ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Close Association ◽

Active Agent ◽

Dynamic State ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Defense System ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa

A large part of normal middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube is provided with a mucociliary transportation system which is considered the first line of defense of the middle ear. Secretory cells of the normal mucosa of the middle ear and the tube can be classified into three main types: mucous, mixed and dark granulated (or serous). This may mean that the secreta of the mucosa is biochemically diverse and/or in a dynamic state. The presence of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) and macrophages in the Eustachian tube and the middle ear mucosa supports the concept that the middle ear is protected by an immunologic defense system. Normal mucosal epithelial cells of the middle ear and the tube possess the ability to transport macromolecules by intact epithelial cells toward connective tissue layer where the macromolecules are either phagocytized by histiocytes or enter into capillary system. The macrophages of regional lymph nodes also picked up the macromolecules. Demonstration of lamellar substances similar to phospholipids in the secreta of the tube and middle ear mucosa of the guinea pig suggests the presence of auditory surface-active agent(s) (surfactant). Close association between secretory cells of the mucosa and acid phosphatase is demonstrated by cytochemical method. It is suggested that secretory enzymes such as lysozyme and acid phosphatase may be either produced or transported by secretory cells of the middle ear mucosa. These enzyme secretions are considered a part of the enzymatic defense system of the middle ear.

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Determination of the glycosylation-pattern of the middle ear mucosa in guinea pigs

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.056 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 484 (1-2) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elisabeth Engleder ◽

Elisabeth Demmerer ◽

Xueyan Wang ◽

Clemens Honeder ◽

Chengjing Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Glycosylation Pattern ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa

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Effects of polylactic acid film on middle ear mucosa and cochlear function in Guinea pigs

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology ◽

10.1007/s00405-014-2904-y ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 272 (5) ◽

pp. 1091-1097 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nuray Ensari ◽

Hakan Tutar ◽

Ozgur Ekinci ◽

Mehmet Birol Ugur ◽

Yıldırım A. Bayazıt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polylactic Acid ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Cochlear Function ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa

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Methodology for studying the effects of topically applied ear drops on otoacoustic emissions in guinea pigs

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1258/002221503322334503 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 117 (9) ◽

pp. 696-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lela Migirov ◽

Mordechay Himmelfarb

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Otoacoustic Emissions ◽

Outer Hair Cell ◽

Cell Function ◽

Three Solutions ◽

Middle Ear Mucosa ◽

Distortion Product ◽

Ear Drops

Testing of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) has been successfully applied to study outer hair cell function. We used this methodology to evaluate and compare the effect of topically applied normal saline, and gentamicin- and ciprofloxacin-containing drops into the middle ear of guinea pigs. All three solutions similarly decreased the distortion product OAE (DPOAE) and all three caused an inflammatory reaction in the guinea pig’s middle-ear. OAE failed to detect adequately the ototoxicity of topically administered drops in this animal model because the opening of the bulla affected DPOAE, and both inflamed middle-ear mucosa and osteoneogenesis caused a decrease in DPOAE amplitude.This is the first report examining the influence of topically used otic drops on inner ear function as demonstrated by OAE.

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