Innovation, Patents, and Competition in Modern Agriculture: A Case Study of Bayer and Monsanto Merger

2021 ◽  
pp. 0003603X2199702
Author(s):  
Reji K. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Competition Commission ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
High Level ◽  
Digital Farming

The use of digital technologies to aid the agronomic decision making of farmers characterizes modern agriculture. Digital farming is expected to enhance the market power of leading innovative firms in the seed industry, which is already having a high level of concentration. The merger of two leading innovative firms—Bayer and Monsanto—is to be seen in this context. This article examines the emerging anticompetitive considerations from the deal and the contribution of the Competition Commission of India in alleviating such considerations while approving the deal. It is found that threats were emerging in three areas—traits and seeds, nonselective herbicides, and digital farming platforms. To eliminate the anticompetitive effects of the deal, both the companies were required to divest their research and development intensive trait, seed, and nonselective herbicide businesses. They were also required to license the proprietary active ingredients of nonselective herbicides, if the use of their seeds was linked to the application of such herbicides, on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) terms. They were also required to license the agronomic data, collected from India, and used in their digital platforms, to potential users on FRAND terms.

Transnational Advocacy and NGOs in the Digital Era: New Forms of Networked Power

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hall ◽  
Hans Peter Schmitz ◽  
J Michael Dedmon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Transnational Advocacy ◽  
Digital Activism ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Elite Networks

AbstractInternational relations (IR) scholars have recognized the importance of technology in enabling nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to build transnational networks and enhance their influence. However, IR scholars have typically focused on elite networks across NGOs, states, and international organizations. This article considers how digital technologies generate new types of networked power between NGOs and their members. Digital tools allow for fast feedback from supporters, rapid surges in mobilization, and more decentralized campaigns. Importantly, in the digital era, NGOs must decide not only which digital platforms to use, but also whether to devolve decision-making to their supporters. Two questions arise: First, do NGO staff or supporters primarily define and produce advocacy content? Second, is the goal of digital activism to broaden or intensify participation? Answers to these questions generate four digital strategies: proselytizing, testing, conversing, and facilitating. These strategies change advocacy practices, but only facilitating strategies open up new forms of networked power based on supporter-to-supporter connections. Digital strategies have profound ramifications for individual organizations, the nature of the advocacy sector, and its power in relation to states, corporations, and other nonstate actors. Digital adoption patterns shape how NGOs choose campaigns, how they legitimate their claims, and what strategies they rely on.

Queensland Digital Health Clinical Charter: a clinical consensus statement on priorities for digital health in hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 661
Author(s):  
Clair Sullivan ◽  
Andrew Staib ◽  
Keith McNeil ◽  
David Rosengren ◽  
Ian Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Executive Leadership ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Clinical Community ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
High Level

Digital transformation of Australian hospitals is occurring rapidly. Although the clinical community has had limited ability to influence high-level decision making and investments into digital health technologies, as these technologies increasingly transform the way patients are cared for, the clinical community must influence the digital health agenda and be an integral part of the decision-making process. This case study details the process and lessons learnt during the development of the state-wide consensus statement detailing the clinical requirements for digital health initiatives to form the Queensland Digital Health Clinical Charter. To the best of our knowledge, Queensland is the first Australian jurisdiction to create a Digital Clinical Charter to be specifically referenced in the investment in and governance of digital health in hospitals. By developing this clinical charter for digital health, and in articulating the needs of clinicians, a clinical framework will be added to both the decision-making process around the investments in digital health and the definition and realisation of the expected benefits from these sizable investments. What is known about the topic? Digital transformation of healthcare is occurring rapidly. The clinical community has had limited ability to influence high-level decision making and investments into these digital health technologies. Tension currently exists between the clinical community who must use the new digital technologies and the technical groups that govern the introduction of the new technologies. This tension can be manifest as clinicians refusing to adopt new systems, safety concerns and an inability to reach consensus on direction. There are few peer reviewed publications addressing this tension between the clinical community and technical providers. What does this paper add? This paper is the first attempt to create a list of clinical requirements for digital transformation that crosses professional streams and is endorsed by the state-wide executive leadership team to inform the acquisition and governance of digital health technologies. What are the implications for practitioners? Clinicians can feel excluded and marginalised during the decision-making process for new digital technologies, despite the fact that they are often using these technologies to deliver hands-on care to patients. This charter clearly articulates the requirements of clinicians for digital transformation and has been endorsed by the executive leadership team of Queensland Health. The charter adds a clinical framework to be referenced during the decision-making process around the investments in digital health, and the definition and realisation of the expected benefits from these sizable investments. As the digital landscape in public hospitals evolves, clinicians are becoming increasingly reliant upon digital technologies. It is critical that clinicians have a strong effect on technology acquisition and governance to maximise the quality and efficiency of the care they provide.

Configuration Management for Modular Flexible Small Automation Systems: A Case Study

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron J. Turner ◽  
Jacy M. Legault ◽  
Dan J. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Configuration Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Alamos National Laboratory ◽  
Los Alamos National Laboratory ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
High Level ◽  
Integrated Extraction

Abstract Configuration management provides designers of automation systems with a framework to develop effective automation systems despite their inherent complexity. By managing the complexity of the system, and assisting in low-level decision-making, configuration management systems enable human designers, operators and system technicians to focus on high-level decision-making where their knowledge and experience are the most valuable. The development of flexible, modular small automation systems for the Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System (ARIES) Pilot Line at Los Alamos National Laboratory, can serve as a case study for the development of a configuration management methodology. Furthermore, this case study can be used to identify potential design tools that can assist in the development of automation systems. An examination of a specific case, that of the Hot-side Electrodecontamination Chamber of the ARIES Pilot Line has been used to identify necessary research developments and demonstrate the utility of the configuration management process.

The Role of Smart Technologies to Support Citizen Engagement and Decision Making

2022 ◽  
pp. 687-703
Author(s):  
Gabriela Viale Pereira ◽  
Gregor Eibl ◽  
Constantinos Stylianou ◽  
Gilberto Martínez ◽  
Haris Neophytou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Social Media Data ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
High Level ◽  
Media Data

Smart government relies both on the application of digital technologies to enable citizen's participation in order to achieve a high level of citizen centricity and on data-driven decision making in order to improve the quality of life of citizens. Data-driven decisions in turn depend on accessible and reliable datasets, which open government and social media data are likely to promise. The SmartGov project uses digital technologies by integrating open and social media data in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to model real life problems and simulate different scenarios leading to better decision making. This research performed a multiple-case analysis in two pilot cities. Both municipalities use the technologies to find the best routes: Limassol to improve the garbage collection and Quart de Poblet to improve the walking routes of chaperones guiding children to school. The article proposes a generic framework for Smart City Governance focusing on the inputs and outcomes of this process in the use of technologies for policy making built based on the analysis of the SmartGov.

scholarly journals A Case Study on Digital Literacy with Respect to India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1502-1512
Author(s):  
Dr. Pradipta Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Clear Information

Digital Literacy means having the required knowledge and skills what human beings of modern world needs to learn and work in a society where communication and access to information is done through digital technologies like internet, social media etc, with the help of digital devices like computer, laptops, desktops, tablets, or mobile and refers to an individual’s ability to find, evaluate and compose clear information through writing and other media on various digital platforms. In this paper we will study the meaning of digital literacy along with the present status of digital literacy in the current world with a special reference to India. The current study has been casual, exploratory and empirical in nature and the data needed for research work has been collected by using both direct and indirect method of data collection.

Populism and plebiscitarianism 2.0: How Podemos used digital platforms for organization and decision-making

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110387
Author(s):  
Lluis de Nadal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Digital Platforms

Using the Spanish party Podemos as a case study, this article opens up a dialogue between researchers in the fields of populist communication and the digitization of political parties. Research has persuasively shown how the participatory promise of digital parties often degenerated into “plebiscitarianism 2.0.” However, partly because of the mutual disengagement between these fields, the mismatch between promise and reality remains poorly understood. This article argues that, in the case of Podemos, this gap arises from the party’s populist project to turn widespread public disaffection into political power—a project that, as populism typically does, involved the use of plebiscitarian linkages and, therefore, was contradictory to the promise of promoting participatory democracy. By bridging the gap between populism and digital party research, this article calls attention to how populist actors use digital media not only to bypass traditional gatekeepers but also to replace political parties with online plebiscites.

scholarly journals Modern Digitalization Trends in the Construction Sphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Construction Organizations ◽  
New Information ◽  
High Level

This article provides a justification for the need to introduce digital technologies into the activities of construction organizations, considers the basic principles on the basis of which the interaction of participants in digital relations will occur, identifies the main problems that construction companies face in the process of introducing modern digital technologies. The work identifies measures that contribute to the effective implementation of technologies, and their merits, it is concluded that it is necessary to switch existing construction to digital, since it is an important condition for the further development of the construction market, ensuring a high level of competitiveness, cost savings, increasing the speed of work and the resulting profit. ... One of the main roles in the development of information technologies, promoting their implementation in all spheres of human activity should belong to government agencies, they should focus on reducing obstacles to the development of digital technologies in the country, making adjustments and correcting the shortcomings of modern market mechanisms, supporting fair competition in markets, attracting investment in this area. Without the implementation of these principles, it is impossible to achieve the required level of development and promotion of digitalization in Russia. The emergence of new information technologies has a significant impact on the economy and society as a whole, changing the economic structure and lifestyle of people. However, despite all the concerns, the digital transformation in the construction industry is progressing slowly but steadily. Most Russian construction companies have yet to take full advantage of digital platforms. They are gradually exploring digitalization issues and plan to introduce technologies that will further develop the industry and increase the competitiveness of construction organizations.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 261-280
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Military History ◽  
Economic Literacy ◽  
British Government ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Economic

The conclusion reviews the previous chapters as a case study in high-level policymaking under pressure. Globalization, the internationalization of the grain trade, and the outbreak of war confronted the British government with conjoined political–economic and military–diplomatic problems, which it had no good options to solve. The complexity of the challenges confronting the government render simplified narratives of its decision-making inaccurate and of doubtful utility as a model. This argument has important methodological implications for students of grand strategy and military history: the former requires as much attention to military as to civilian perspectives and the latter demands better economic literacy. Both require rigorous archival research in civilian and military, public and private records, as well as a willingness to engage the past with a high level of precision.

Decision-making and satisfaction in campus e-voting: moderating effect of trust in the system

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norazah Mohd. Suki ◽  
Norbayah Mohd. Suki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
University Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants that influence students’ decision-making and satisfaction in campus e-voting, and to investigate the moderating effect on students’ decision-making and satisfaction in campus e-voting between students with different levels of trust in the system. Design/methodology/approach This study employed a quantitative method and applied the use of self-administered questionnaires among university students who have at least experienced once in casting votes electronically in the past year during the campus e-voting period. The data were analysed using partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. Findings The PLS-SEM approach revealed that voters’ commitment to vote was the strongest determinant of students’ decision-making and satisfaction in campus e-voting. Voters’ high satisfaction with campus e-voting was based on the commitment and requirement of students of the university to vote. Compulsory voting was not a hassle for them in order to achieve campus development and sustainability. A moderation analysis revealed that the relative influence of commitment to vote on students’ satisfaction in campus e-voting was higher in the group with medium level of trust than among the group with high level of trust. Practical implications The election commission of the university and the university management should increase students’ turnout and commitment to vote during campus e-voting by outlining effective marketing strategies, campaigns and promotions across a number of digital platforms, including mobile SNS. They need to ensure that voters can sense their involvement is warranted and will continue to vote electronically in the next campus election. Originality/value The research yielded an exclusive perspective into students’ decision-making and satisfaction in campus e-voting. It also uncovered the influence of moderating effect of trust in the system in developing countries which is marginally concealed in the literature. The measurements produced can be used as a research tool for more exploratory and explanatory research related to political marketing among young adult voters.

Radiological safety and assessment of the performance of X-ray systems in veterinary facilities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Economides ◽  
C.J. Hourdakis ◽  
C. Pafilis ◽  
G. Simantirakis ◽  
P. Tritakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Atomic Energy Commission ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Radiological Safety ◽  
High Level

This paper concerns an analysis regarding the performance of X-ray equipment as well as the radiological safety in veterinary facilities. Data were collected from 380 X-ray veterinary facilities countrywide during the on-site regulatory inspections carried out by the Greek Atomic Energy Commission. The analysis of the results shows that the majority of the veterinary radiographic systems perform within the acceptable limits; moreover, the design and shielding of X-ray rooms as well as the applied procedures ensure a high level of radiological safety for the practitioners, operators and the members of the public. An issue that requires specific attention in the optimization process for the proper implementation of veterinary radiology practices in terms of radiological safety is the continuous training of the personnel. The above findings and the regulatory experience gained were valuable decision-making elements regarding the type of the regulatory control of veterinary radiology practices in the new radiation protection framework.

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