scholarly journals Psychiatric disorders and offending in an Australian birth cohort: Overrepresentation in the health and criminal justice systems for Indigenous Australians

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110638
Author(s):  
James M Ogilvie ◽  
Troy Allard ◽  
Carleen Thompson ◽  
Susan Dennison ◽  
Simon B Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Court Appearance

Objective: Most studies that examine psychiatric illness in people who offend have focused on incarcerated samples, with little known about the larger population of individuals with criminal justice system contact. We examine the overlap between proven offences and psychiatric diagnoses with an emphasis on experiences for Indigenous Australians. Methods: In a population-based birth cohort of 45,141 individuals born in Queensland, Australia, in 1990 (6.3% Indigenous), psychiatric diagnoses were identified from hospital admissions between ages 4/5 and 23/24 years and proven offences were identified from court records (spanning ages 10–24 years). Prevalence rates for offending, psychiatric diagnoses and their overlap were examined for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals. Associations between specific psychiatric diagnoses and types of offending were examined using logistic regressions. Results: There were 11,134 (24.7%) individuals with a finalised court appearance, 2937 (6.5%) with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder and 1556 (3.4%) with a proven offence and diagnosed psychiatric disorder, with Indigenous Australians significantly overrepresented across all outcomes. Compared with non-Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians were younger at their first court finalisation (Cohen’s d = −0.62, 95% confidence interval = [−0.67, −0.57]), experienced a higher number of finalisations ( d = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = [0.89, 1.00]) and offences ( d = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = [0.59, 0.69]) and were more likely to receive custodial ( d = 0.41, 95% confidence interval = [0.36, 0.46]) or supervised ( d = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = [0.50, 0.60]) sentences. The overlap between offending and psychiatric illness was more pronounced for Indigenous Australians compared with non-Indigenous Australians (14.8% vs 2.7%). Substance use disorders were the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis among individuals with a court finalisation (9.2%). Conclusions: Indigenous Australians were significantly overrepresented in court finalisations and psychiatric diagnoses. Indigenous Australians with a psychiatric diagnosis were at highest risk of experiencing a court appearance, emphasising the importance of culturally appropriate mental health responses being embedded into the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals Prevalence of psychiatric disorders for Indigenous Australians: a population-based birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Ogilvie ◽  
Stacy Tzoumakis ◽  
Troy Allard ◽  
Carleen Thompson ◽  
Steve Kisely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Prevalence Rates

Abstract Aims Limited information exists about the prevalence of psychiatric illness for Indigenous Australians. This study examines the prevalence of diagnosed psychiatric disorders in Indigenous Australians and compares this to non-Indigenous Australians. The aims were to: (1) determine prevalence rates for psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous Australians admitted to hospital; and (2) examine whether the profile of psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous Australians was different compared with non-Indigenous Australians. Methods A birth cohort design was adopted, with the population consisting of 45 141 individuals born in the Australian State of Queensland in 1990 (6.3% Indigenous). Linked administrative data from Queensland Health hospital admissions were used to identify psychiatric diagnoses from age 4/5 to 23/24 years. Crude lifetime prevalence rates of psychiatric diagnoses for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals were derived from the hospital admissions data. The cumulative incidence of psychiatric diagnoses was modelled separately for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals. Logistic regression was used to model differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous psychiatric presentations while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results There were 2783 (6.2%) individuals in the cohort with a diagnosed psychiatric disorder from a hospital admission. The prevalence of any psychiatric diagnosis at age 23/24 years was 17.2% (491) for Indigenous Australians compared with 5.4% (2292) for non-Indigenous Australians. Indigenous individuals were diagnosed earlier, with overrepresentation in psychiatric illness becoming more pronounced with age. Indigenous individuals were overrepresented in almost all categories of psychiatric disorder and this was most pronounced for substance use disorders (SUDs) (12.2 v. 2.6% of Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals, respectively). Differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in the likelihood of psychiatric disorders were not statistically significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, except for SUDs. Conclusions There is significant inequality in psychiatric morbidity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians across most forms of psychiatric illness that is evident from an early age and becomes more pronounced with age. SUDs are particularly prevalent, highlighting the importance of appropriate interventions to prevent and address these problems. Inequalities in mental health may be driven by socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by Indigenous individuals.

scholarly journals Psychiatric Illness and Mortality in Hospitalized ESKD Dialysis Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Kimmel ◽  
Chyng-Wen Fwu ◽  
Kevin C. Abbott ◽  
Marva M. Moxey-Mims ◽  
Susan Mendley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
First Year ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Adults And Children

Background and objectivesLimited existing data on psychiatric illness in ESKD patients suggest these diseases are common and burdensome, but under-recognized in clinical practice.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe examined hospitalizations with psychiatric diagnoses using inpatient claims from the first year of ESKD in adult and pediatric Medicare recipients who initiated treatment from 1996 to 2013. We assessed associations between hospitalizations with psychiatric diagnoses and all-cause death after discharge in adult dialysis patients using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsIn the first ESKD year, 72% of elderly adults, 66% of adults and 64% of children had at least one hospitalization. Approximately 2% of adults and 1% of children were hospitalized with a primary psychiatric diagnosis. The most common primary psychiatric diagnoses were depression/affective disorder in adults and children, and organic disorders/dementias in elderly adults. Prevalence of hospitalizations with psychiatric diagnoses increased over time across groups, primarily from secondary diagnoses. 19% of elderly adults, 25% of adults and 15% of children were hospitalized with a secondary psychiatric diagnosis. Hazards ratios of all-cause death were higher in all dialysis adults hospitalized with either primary (1.29; 1.26 to 1.32) or secondary (1.11; 1.10 to 1.12) psychiatric diagnoses than in those hospitalized without psychiatric diagnoses.ConclusionsHospitalizations with psychiatric diagnoses are common in pediatric and adult ESKD patients, and are associated with subsequent higher mortality, compared with hospitalizations without psychiatric diagnoses. The prevalence of hospitalizations with psychiatric diagnoses likely underestimates the burden of mental illness in the population.

Criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism: A national birth cohort study in New Zealand

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110655
Author(s):  
Nicholas Bowden ◽  
Barry Milne ◽  
Richard Audas ◽  
Betony Clasby ◽  
Joanne Dacombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Young People ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
System Data

While sensationalist headlines and highly publicised criminal cases have led many to believe there is a link between autism and criminal behaviour, extant literature presents an unresolved debate. We sought to address this issue by examining the prevalence of criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism, and by assessing whether offence types differ between these groups. This was a national birth cohort study using linked health and criminal justice system data. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to compare criminal justice system interactions between young adults with and without autism, controlling for important socio-demographic characteristics. Data were acquired for 1197 people with autism and 147,879 without autism. Young adults with autism had significantly lower rates of being proceeded against by police, charged in court, and convicted in court compared to those without autism. However, those charged with an offence were significantly more likely to be charged with serious and violent offences, offences against the person and against property. Our findings indicate that, although young people with autism were not over-represented in the criminal justice system, disparities in offence types and incarceration rates among those charged with an offence suggest the importance of identification and appropriate response to autism within the criminal justice system. Lay abstract Sensationalist headlines and highly publicised criminal cases lead many in the public to believe that people with autism are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour. However, recent studies present an unresolved debate, and indicate this may not necessarily be the case. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism, and determine whether offence types differ between these groups. We tracked a national birth cohort until their 25th birthday, detecting criminal justice system interactions from age 17 onwards. Linked health and criminal justice system data were used to identify those with autism and detect interactions with the criminal justice system. We found that young people with autism interacted with the criminal justice system at lower rates compared to those without autism. However, there were considerable differences in the types of offences these young people were charged with. For example, among those charged with an offence, people with autism were more likely to be charged with a serious offence, punishable by 2 or more years in prison. We conclude that although young people with autism are not over-represented in the criminal justice system, disparities in offence types and incarceration rates among those charged with an offence suggest the importance of identification and appropriate response to autism within the criminal justice system.

Physicians' Diagnoses of Psychiatric Disorders for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Torres-Harding ◽  
Leonard A. Jason ◽  
Victoria Cane ◽  
Adam Carrico ◽  
Renee R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome

Objective: To examine rates of psychiatric diagnoses given by patients' primary or regular physicians to persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), persons with psychiatrically explained fatigue, and a control group. Physicians' psychiatric diagnosis and participants' self-reported psychiatric diagnoses were compared to lifetime psychiatric diagnoses as measured by a structured psychiatric interview. Method: Participants were recruited as part of a community-based epidemiology study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical records of 23 persons with chronic fatigue syndrome, 25 persons with psychiatrically explained chronic fatigue, and 19 persons without chronic fatigue (controls) were examined to determine whether their physician had given a diagnosis of mood, anxiety, somatoform, or psychotic disorder. Lifetime psychiatric status was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID). Participants' self reports of specific psychiatric disorders were assessed as part of a detailed medical questionnaire. Results: Physicians' diagnosis of a psychiatric illness when at least one psychiatric disorder was present ranged from 40 percent in the psychiatrically explained group, 50 percent in the control group, and 64.3 percent in the CFS group. Participants in the psychiatrically explained group were more accurate than physicians in reporting the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and in accurately reporting the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder. Conclusions: The present investigation found underrecognition of psychiatric illness by physicians, with relatively little misdiagnosis of psychiatric illness. Physicians had particular difficulty assessing psychiatric disorder in those patients whose chronic fatigue was fully explained by a psychiatric disorder. Results emphasized the importance of using participant self report as a screening for psychiatric disorder.

Social selection in cohort studies and later representation of childhood psychiatric diagnoses: The Danish National Birth Cohort

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrine Bang Madsen ◽  
Lena Hohwü ◽  
Jin Liang Zhu ◽  
Jørn Olsen ◽  
Carsten Obel
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychotropic Medication ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Danish National Birth Cohort ◽  
Icd 10

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the relative representation of childhood psychiatric diagnoses and use of psychotropic medication in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) compared to the general population. Methods: The general population was identified as all childbirths in Denmark during 1998–2002 ( N=344,160). Linking the DNBC ( N=91,442) and the general population to the Danish national health registries, all children were followed until they received an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, had a prescription of psychotropic medication or to the end of follow-up in 2013. The prevalence ratios (PRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for each psychiatric diagnosis and by sex. Age at first diagnosis presented as means were compared using the one-sample t-test. Results: In the DNBC, the selected childhood psychiatric diagnoses were underrepresented by 3% (PR=0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99), ranging from a 20% underrepresentation for schizophrenia (PR=0.80, 95% CI 0.59–1.09) to a 6% over-representation for anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder (PR=1.06, 95% CI 0.97–1.17). The majority of the specific diagnoses were modestly underrepresented in the DNBC compared to the general population, while use of psychotropic medication had similar representation. Girls were generally more underrepresented than boys. Depression was on average diagnosed 0.4 years earlier in the DNBC than in the general population ( p=0.023). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the social selection may influence the prevalence of diagnosed childhood psychiatric disorders in the DNBC.

Are the Children of Prisoners Socially Excluded?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Oldrup ◽  
Signe Frederiksen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children Of Prisoners ◽  
Socially Excluded

This chapter seeks to build on and extend the increasingly child-oriented perspective on prisoners’ children. It does so by focusing on the social exclusion experienced by this particular group of children, as social relationships are crucial to child well-being. The study is set in Denmark, where it is estimated that five to six per cent of every birth cohort experiences parental imprisonment during childhood and that the share of children facing this strain is similar to that of children taken into care or living in poverty. Thus, the chapter examines whether the child is socially excluded from important relationships in children’s lives, and less on the child’s encounter with the criminal justice system. This is done not only by adopting a child-centred perspective, but also by using children as informants in a survey from a representative sample of Danish children of prisoners.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of psychiatric disorder in clinical evaluation of chronic fatigue syndrome

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 310-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Deale ◽  
Simon Wessely
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Standardized Interview ◽  
Brief Screening

Summary The overlap of symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and psychiatric disorders such as depression can complicate diagnosis. Patients often complain that they are wrongly given a psychiatric label. We compared psychiatric diagnoses made by general practitioners and hospital doctors with diagnoses established according to research diagnostic criteria. 68 CFS patients referred to a hospital fatigue clinic were assessed, and psychiatric diagnoses were established by use of a standardized interview schedule designed to provide current and lifetime diagnoses. These were compared with psychiatric diagnoses previously given to patients. Of the 31 patients who had previously received a psychiatric diagnosis 21 (68%) had been misdiagnosed: in most cases there was no evidence of any past or current psychiatric disorder. Of the 37 patients who had not previously received a psychiatric diagnosis 13 (35%) had a treatable psychiatric disorder in addition to CFS. These findings highlight the difficulties of routine clinical evaluation of psychiatric disorder in CFS patients. We advise doctors to focus on subtle features that discriminate between disorders and to use a brief screening instrument such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

scholarly journals The costs of Indigenous and non-Indigenous offender trajectories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy Allard ◽  
Molly McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Drivers ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Chronic Offenders ◽  
Trajectory Models

Reducing Indigenous overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is justified on both social justice and economic grounds. We developed an innovative costing framework and estimated direct criminal justice system unit costs based on critical cost drivers. These estimates were applied to offender trajectories, modelling offences of all individuals registered as being born in Queensland during 1983–1984 (from ages 10 to 31). Separate trajectory models were developed for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Queenslanders in the birth cohort to enable separate cost estimations for these groups. Findings identified over one-half (53%) of the identified Indigenous cohort and 16 percent of the non-Indigenous cohort had moderate to chronic offender trajectories. Because of the high levels of recontact and sanction seriousness and length, Indigenous offenders were on average more costly. These findings emphasise the high cost of current criminal justice system responses to Indigenous and chronic offenders in particular and the need to consider innovative and more cost-effective approaches to reduce offending by individuals in these groups.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document