Wasta and its relationship to employment status and income in the Arab Middle East

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212110247
Author(s):  
Lisa Baranik ◽  
Brandon Gorman ◽  
Natalie Wright
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Individual Income ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Income Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
Arab Middle East

Wasta is an Arabic concept that describes the use of close friends and family members, rather than formal means, to resolve conflicts and gain access to resources. An overwhelming majority of people in the Arab Middle East report that wasta is essential for navigating their careers. Despite these claims, the relationships between wasta, employment status, and income have not yet been empirically tested. In the current study, the authors examine 5,622 participant responses across five Arab countries (Yemen, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Algeria) to examine the relationships between the tendency to use wasta and employment status, individual income, and family income. As expected, the tendency to use wasta was related to individual income, family income, and employment status. The relationship between the tendency to use wasta and family income was moderated by education, such that there was a stronger relationship among participants reporting lower educational levels. Education did not moderate the relationship between wasta and individual income or employment status.

Government spending and economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa region

2020 ◽  
pp. 002085232096980
Author(s):  
Bassam Abdullah Albassam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
The Relationship

In 2011, during the Arab Spring, citizens in some Arab countries marched in the streets, demanding decreased corruption, increased public participation in running state affairs, and provision of jobs for citizens. In response, governments in the Middle East and North Africa region initiated strategic plans to meet the people’s demands (e.g. Morocco Vision 2030, Saudi Vision 2030). One of the main parts of these plans is related to reforming the public finance sector. Recently, in response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, most Middle East and North Africa countries have taken loans or withdrawn from reserves (both considered sources of funding for government expenditures) to support the economy and fund the healthcare plans to fight the disease. Thus, the efficiency and effectiveness of government spending is very important in utilizing the available resources at all times. Using data for the Middle East and North Africa region from 1990 to 2019, and utilizing a scatterplot technique and the general linear modeling procedure, this article explores the relationship between public expenditures and economic growth. The results show that the current public expenditure system is inefficient and that efficient public spending has to be combined with other factors that influence the economy (e.g. enhancing public participation in running state affairs, controlling corruption, and supporting good governance practices in the public sector). Points for practitioners Government spending is one of the most important elements in managing state affairs toward achieving advanced levels of development and providing high-quality services to beneficiaries. This research explores the relationship between government spending and economic growth; the result of this study confirms that non-financial factors, such as fighting corruption, promoting democracy and freedom, enhancing public institutions’ quality, and supporting the productivity and accountability of the public sector, are important dimensions in promoting economic growth, especially in developing countries.

Program Bank Sampah Dan Pendapatan Keluarga Di Kecamatan Ciputat Timur Kota Tangerang Selatan

Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Aminudin Aminudin ◽  
Djoko Manggolo
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
Income Family ◽  
Variable Level ◽  
Waste Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Additional Income

The purpose of this research is; first to examine and analyze the impact of the Garbage Bank program on the income level of customers’ families of the Waste Bank and second is to Analyze the satisfaction of the customers of the Garbage Bank customers with the additional income by saving the garbage at the Bank Trash. The object of the research was conducted at the Customers of Garbage Banks located in East Ciputat Subdistrict consisting of six urban villages namely Cempaka Putih, Pondok Ranji, Rengas, Rempoa, Cireundeu and Pisangan, with garbage bank counted as 10 garbage banks, by spreading kusioner as many as 50 sample people. Test The first hypothesis shows that it is concluded no effect Variables Program Garbage Banks Variable Level Income Family Customer Bank Trash. The second hypothesis test shows that, it is concluded no effect Variable Satisfaction of Customers of Waste Banks against Variable Level of Income of Customer Family of Garbage Bank. First correlation test. The relationship between the bank waste program with the addition of family income is very weak. The second correlation test shows that the relationship between customer satisfaction of garbage bank with the amount of saving of waste bank is very weak too.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in Algeria

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsan Al-Issa
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
North African ◽  
Psychiatric Problems ◽  
Arab Middle East

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the development of psychiatry in the Arab countries. Several reports have dealt with psychiatric problems in Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (Al-Issa & Al-Issa, 1970; Kline, 1963; Dubovsky, 1983). Two general reviews have also dealt with major psychiatric research in the Arab Middle East (El-Islam, 1982; Racy, 1970). However, the countries surveyed have been under British and American influence and tend to follow the Anglo-Saxon psychiatric model. Little attention has been given to North African Arab countries which follow the French and franco-phone approach to psychiatry.

Language, Politics and Society in the Middle East

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer AlNajjar
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Grassroots Initiatives ◽  
Language And Politics ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This book aims to shed light on core questions relating to language and society, language and conflict, and language and politics, in relation to a changing Middle East. While the book focuses on Arabic, it goes way beyond a purely linguistic analysis by bringing to the fore a set of pressing questions about the relationship between Arabic and society. For example, it touches on the development of language policy via an examination of administrative mandates (top-down) in contrast to grassroots initiatives (bottom-up); the deeper layers of the linguistic landscape that highlight the connection between politics, conflict, identity, road signs and street names; Arabic studies and Arabic identity and the myriad ways countries deal simultaneously with globalisation while also seeking to strengthen local and national identity, and more.

Higher education, post-conflict democratization and the legacies of authoritarian rule: The Tripoli University Programme for Rebuilding Libya

2021 ◽  
pp. 174619792098136
Author(s):  
Sansom Milton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Transitional Processes ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, the role of higher education in post-uprising Libya is analysed in terms of its relationship with transitional processes of democratization and civic development. It begins by contextualising the Libyan uprising within the optimism of the ‘Arab Spring’ transitions in the Middle East. Following this, the relationship between higher education and politics under the Qadhafi regime and in the immediate aftermath of its overthrow is discussed. A case-study of a programme designed to support Tripoli University in contributing towards democratisation will then be presented. The findings of the case-study will be reflected upon to offer a set of recommendations for international actors engaging in political and civic education in conflict-affected settings, in particular in the Middle East.

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