On the Psychological Importance of Time in a Time Sharing System

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime R. Carbonell ◽  
Jerome I. Elkind ◽  
Raymond S. Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Dynamical Characteristics ◽  
Concurrent Tasks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Sharing System

One of the most important problems in the design and/or operation of a computer utility is to obtain dynamical characteristics that are acceptable and convenient to the on-line user. This paper is concerned with the problems of access to the computer utility, response time and its effect upon conversational use of the computer, and the effects of load on the system. Primary attention is placed upon response time; rather than a single measure, a set of response times should be measured in a given computer utility, in correspondence to the different types of operations requested. It is assumed that the psychological value of short response time stems from a subjective cost measure of the user's own time, largely influenced by the value of concurrent tasks being postponed. A measure of cost (to the individual and/or his organization) of the time-on-line required to perform a task might thus be derived. More subtle is the problem of the user's acceptability of given response times. This acceptability is a function of the service requested (e.g., length of computation), and variability with respect to expectations due both to uncertainty in the user's estimation and to variations in the response time originated by variable loads on the system. An effort should be made by computer-utility designers to include dynamic characteristics (such as prediction of loads and their effects) among their design specifications.

Response times in M/M/1 time-sharing schemes with limited number of service positions

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Avi-Itzhak ◽  
Shlomo Halfin
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Laplace Transforms ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Time Variance ◽  
Waiting Line ◽  
Time Sharing System

Two service schemes for an M/M/1 time-sharing system with a limited number of service positions are studied. Both schemes possess the equilibrium properties of symmetric queues; however, in the first one, a preempted job is placed at the end of the waiting line; while in the second one, it is placed at the head of the line. Methods for calculating the Laplace transforms and moments of the response times are presented. The variances of the response times are then compared numerically to indicate that the first scheme is superior to the second scheme. It is also indicated that in both cases the response time variance decreases when the number of service positions increases.

Response times in M/M/1 time-sharing schemes with limited number of service positions

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 579-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Avi-Itzhak ◽  
Shlomo Halfin
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Laplace Transforms ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Time Variance ◽  
Waiting Line ◽  
Time Sharing System

Two service schemes for an M/M/1 time-sharing system with a limited number of service positions are studied. Both schemes possess the equilibrium properties of symmetric queues; however, in the first one, a preempted job is placed at the end of the waiting line; while in the second one, it is placed at the head of the line. Methods for calculating the Laplace transforms and moments of the response times are presented. The variances of the response times are then compared numerically to indicate that the first scheme is superior to the second scheme. It is also indicated that in both cases the response time variance decreases when the number of service positions increases.

Computer-Controlled X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Experiments

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 70-89
Author(s):  
Melvin H. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Large Computer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magnetic Structures ◽  
On Line ◽  
Electronic Computers ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Time Sharing System

The use of on-line computers for control and acquisition of data from x-ray and neutron diffractometers has continuously improved and expanded. Systems vary from a small 4K core computer to a time-sharing system with a medium or large computer. The choice of a single time-shared computer or an individual standalone system must be based on one's own particular environment. As large high-speed electronic computers became available, increasingly complex chemical and magnetic structures have been analysed and solved; this has created a demand for rapid, reliable, and versatile means of obtaining diffraction data. Since small computers have been developed at reduced cost and with increased storage capacity, they must be considered for use in diffraction experimentation. Therefore, in x-ray and neutron scattering, small computers are needed for data acquisition and large computers are needed for data analysis.

Emergency Medical Services Response Times to Motor Vehicle Crashes Increased over the Period 1987 to 2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Gravell
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Hospital Arrival ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
The Individual

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response time to motor vehicle crashes (MVC’s) have been studied to determine if reducing the individual components of EMS response time (notification, arrival at the crash scene, and hospital arrival) may affect survival rates. It has been proposed that a reduction to 1 and 15- minute EMS notification and arrival times at the crash would result in 1.84% and 5.2% fewer fatalities. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in EMS response times (notification, arrival at the crash scene, and hospital arrival) over the past three decades, both individually and overall. An important change in the past three decades is the increased use of cellular phones. Therefore, we hypothesized that EMSnotification time would have decreased over the timeframe, yielding an overall decrease in EMS response time. Our data are based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) using the variables: Time of Crash, EMS Notification Time, EMS Arrival Time, EMS Hospital Arrival Time. This gives a total of 248,981 valid cases following the implementation of our inclusion criteria and truncation of the dataset to the 99th percentile to eliminate unexplainable outliers. We computed the individual and overall median EMS response times for each year from 1987 to 2015. Additionally, we analyzed the response times based on four separate crash factors: weather, total vehicles involved, time of day, and state population density. From 1987 to 2015 the individual EMS response times changed; while notification time has decreased, the arrival at both crash scene and hospital have steadily increased, resulting in overall increased total EMS response time.

scholarly journals Ease-of-Simulation Norms for 452 Adjective Metaphors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Q Liu ◽  
Louise Connell ◽  
Dermot Lynott
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Metaphor Processing

Successful language comprehension results in a multimodal simulation of meaning. Hence, the ease of simulation of a given metaphor is likely to be a critical predictor of performance in metaphor processing. Since simulations are unconscious, and may lose information when brought to conscious awareness, the ease of simulation cannot be directly rated (e.g., as ease of understanding or of generating mental imagery). Therefore, we propose an alternative method of measuring ease of simulation indirectly by assessing the end product of successful metaphor processing using multiple rating scales that, together, offer a proxy for ease of simulation: sensibility, usability, and imaginability of metaphors. We normed 452 sentences comprising adjective metaphors (e.g., Students can be bright; Minutes can be lukewarm) by asking participants to rate the sentences on sensibility, usability, and imaginability scales. We then used principal components analysis to combine these three individual rating scales into a single measure that captured their common variance: ease-of-simulation (EoS). To validate the norms, we examined the extent to which this new EoS measure can explain response times in a metaphor processing task, and found that it better predicted sensibility judgement times than any of the individual ratings, including the ostensibly more relevant sensibility ratings. These findings support the idea that EoS provides a valuable index of processing effort in metaphor comprehension. We hope these norms will benefit research on metaphor processing and the role of simulation in language comprehension.

Modelling of aeration systems at wastewater treatment plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rieger ◽  
J. Alex ◽  
W. Gujer ◽  
H. Siegrist
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Control Loops ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Different Types

A model for the response time of aeration systems at WWTPs is proposed. It includes the delays caused by the air supply system (consisting of blowers, throttles and pipes), the rise time of the air bubbles and all control loops except the master DO controller. Beside a description of the required step-change experiments, different approaches for model calibration are given depending on the available data. Moreover, the parameters for the oxygen transfer and the response time of the aeration system model are not clearly identifiable. The model can be used for simulation studies which compare different types of controllers under changing loading and process conditions. The results from full-scale experiments at three different plants show that the response times of the aeration systems are in the range of 4–5 min. Taking all processes and time constants into account, some 30 min are needed to reach a new steady state after a step change of the airflow rate.

scholarly journals Web survey paradata on response time outliers

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miha Matjašič ◽  
Vasja Vehovar ◽  
Katja Lozar Manfreda
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Web Surveys ◽  
Response Quality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Survey Instruments ◽  
The Relationship

In the last two decades, survey researchers have intensively used computerised methods for the collection of different types of paradata, such as keystrokes, mouse clicks and response times, to evaluate and improve survey instruments as well as to understand the survey response process. With the growing popularity of web surveys, the importance of paradata has further increased. Within this context, response time measurement is the prevailing paradata approach. Papers typically analyse the time (measured in milliseconds or seconds) a respondent needs to answer a certain item, question, page or questionnaire. One of the key challenges when analysing the response time is to identify and separate units that are answering too quickly or too slowly. These units can have a poor response quality and are typically labelled as response time outliers. This paper focuses on approaches for identifying and processing response time outliers. It presents a systematic overview of scientific papers on response time outliers in web surveys. The key observed characteristics of the papers are the approaches used, the level of time measurement, the processing of response time outliers and the relationship between response time and response quality. The results show that knowledge on response time outliers is scattered, inconsistent and lacking systematic comparisons of approaches. Consequently, there is a need to improve and upgrade the knowledge on this issue and to develop new approaches that will overcome existing deficiencies and inconsistencies in identifying and dealing with response time outliers.

scholarly journals Human vs Humanoid. A behavioral investigation of the individual tendency to adopt the intentional stance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Marchesi ◽  
Nicolas Spatola ◽  
Jairo Pérez-Osorio ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
The Individual

Humans interpret and predict behavior of others with reference to mental states or, in other words, by means of adopting the intentional stance. How to measure the likelihood to adopt the Intentional Stance towards humanoid robots still remain to be addressed. The present study investigated to what extent individuals adopt the intentional stance in explaining the behavior of two agents (a humanoid robot and a human). The present paradigm required participants to judge mentalistic or mechanistic descriptions as fitting or not to the displayed behaviors. We were able to measure their acceptance/rejection rate (as an explicit measure) and their response time (as an implicit measure). In addition, we examined the relationship between adopting the intentional stance and anthropomorphism. Our results show that at the explicit level (acceptance/rejection of the descriptions), participants are more likely to use mentalistic (compared to mechanistic) descriptions to explain other humans’ behavior. Conversely, when it comes to a humanoid robot, they are more likely to choose mechanistic descriptions. Interestingly, at the implicit level (response times), while for the human agent we found faster response time for the mentalistic descriptions, we found no difference in response times associated with the robotic agent. Furthermore, cluster analysis on the individual differences in anthropomorphism revealed that participants with a high tendency to anthropomorphize tend to accept faster the mentalistic description. In the light of these results, we argue that, at the implicit level, both stances are comparable in terms of “the best fit” to explain the behavior of a humanoid robot. Moreover, we argue that the decisional process on which stance is best to adopt towards a humanoid robot is influenced by individual differences of the observers, such as the tendency to anthropomorphize non-human agents.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document